Alpha, -microglobulin

Vetr H, Gebhard W. Structure of the human alpha-1-microglobulin-bikunin gene. Biol Chem Hoppe Seyler 1990 371 1185-1196. 

Bisphosphonates (particularly clodronate) have been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects in animal models of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), as well as in arthritis in humans. In adjuvant- and antigen-induced arthritis in rats, clodronate suppresses the inflammatory articular lesions in the inflamed joints [29], whilst in human RA, clodronate decreases the levels of interleukin (ILJ-1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFaand /1-microglobulin in the circulation [30]. In vitro, clodronate inhibits cytokine and nitric oxide (NO) release and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in macrophage-like cells. 

Donaldson MD, Chambers RE, Woolridge MW, Whicher JT (1989) Stability of alpha-1-microglobulin, beta-2-microglobulin, and retinol binding protein in urine. Clin Chim Acta 179 73-77... 

Andersson L, Haraldsson B, Johansson C, Barregard L. Methodological issues on the use of urinary alpha-1-microglobuline in epidemiological studies. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008 23 1252-1256. 

Penders J, Delanghe JR. Alpha 1-microglobulin clinical laboratoryaspectsandapplications.ClinChim Acta. 2004 Aug 16 346(2) 107-18. 

Jung K, Pergande M, Priem F, Becker S, Klotzek S. Rapid screening of low molecular mass proteinuria evaluation of the first immunochemical test strip for the detection of alpha 1-microglobulin in urine. Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1993 31 683-7. 

Bazzi C, Petrini C, Rizza V, et al. Urinary excretion of IgG and alpha(l)-microglobulin predicts clinical course better than extent of proteinuria in membranous nephropathy. Am J Kidney Dis 2001 38 240-248. 

Some proteins identihed more recently that have yet to be evaluated widely as potential markers include renal papillary antigen 1 (RPA-1), Kim-1 (Han et al. 2002 Ichimura et al. 2004), and apolipoprotein-J (Clusterin), a sulfated glycoprotein (Aulitzky et al. 1992 Eti et al. 1993) generally distributed in the nephron, and neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGal an alpha-2-microglobulin of approximately 22-25 kDa). 

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