Microdistribution

Explain clearly how SECM images the microdistribution of the electrochemical activity of composite electrode materials. 

Hallsworth, A. S. Weatherall, J. A. (1969). The microdistribution, uptake and loss of fluoride in human enamel. Caries Research, 3, 109-18. 

Reul, J. and deKloet, E. Two receptor systems for corticosterone in rat brain Microdistribution and differential occupation. Endocrinology 117 2505-2511,1985. 

Rapp etal. (1999) nsed electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) to study the microdistribution of MMF resin in the cell wall in Norway spruce. The authors noted that althongh SEM-EDXA was snitable for determining whether penetration into the cell wall had occurred, the relatively large excitation volnme precluded accurate quantitative determination of the distribntion of material in the cell wall. They therefore examined the suitability of TEM-EELS as a method for determining the cell wall distribntion of resin. The use of EELS in combination with TEM allows for determination of light elements, such... 

Kaul A, Foil U, Haase VA, et al. 1979. Microdistribution of Thorotrast and dose to cellular structures. Env Research 18 13-22. 

The scanning tunneling microscope (STM) has led to several other variants (61). Particularly attractive for electrochemical studies is scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) (62-65). In SECM, faradaic currents at an ultramicroelectrode tip are measured while the tip is moved (by a piezoelectric controller) in close proximity to the substrate surface that is immersed in a solution containing an electroactive species (Fig. 2.17). These tip currents are a function of the conductivity and chemical nature of the substrate, as well as of the tip-substrate distance. The images thus obtained offer valuable insights into the microdistribution of the electrochemical and chemical activity, as well... 

Assumptions Same as microdistributed balance. Only internal coordinate particle velocities are considered. 

Ito M., Yurimoto H., and Nagasawa H. (1999) Oxygen isotope microdistribution vi. composition in meUlite/fassaite in the Allende CAI 7R-19-1 a new evidence for multiple heating. In Lunar Planet. Sci. XXX, 1538. The Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston (CD-ROM). 

Nakamura T., NagaoK., andTakaokaN. (1999) Microdistribution of primordial noble gases in CM chondrites determined by in situ laser microprobe analysis decipherment of nebular processes. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 63, 241-255. 

M. Chomakova and S. Vitkova, Metal Microdistribution During Ni-Fe Alloy Deposition, Electrochim. Acta, 34, No. 8. 1197-1203 (1989). 

Study of the metal microdistribution in CCA treated wood and its pyrolysis residue by energy dispersive X-ray analysis coupled to scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDXA),... 

Chou C.K, Chandler J.A. and Preston R.D, (1973) Microdistribution of metal elements in wood impregnated with a copper-chrome-arsenic preservative as determined by analytical electron microscopy. Wood Sci. Technol., 7, 151-160. 

Helsen L. and Van den Buick E. (1998) The Microdistribution of Copper, Chromium and Arsenic in CCA Treated Wood and Its Pyrolysis Residue Using Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis in Scanning Electron Microscopy. Hoizforschung, 52 (6), 607-614. 

When wood is impregnated with wood-preservative solutions, the initial flow is throughout the macrostructure—mainly the cell lumens—and this is termed macrodistribution. Following this, some solutions are capable of undergoing further movement into the cell wall structure, which results in microdistribution of the preservatives. The effect of these two types of distribution on treated wood will be discussed in this section. 

Macrodistribution. The ability of any wood preservative to control biodegradation is affected by the macrodistribution of the chemical within the wood product being protected. The macrodistribution of a preservative is influenced by three basic factors wood characteristics, treating process, and characteristics of the treating solution. Consideration of the principles of flow in wood and of the factors that influence the treatment of wood are covered in Chapters 3 and 4 14, 15). Suffice it to say that when the preservative has been distributed through the wood, fixation will occur either through chemical interaction between the preservative and the wood structure, between the preservative components themselves, or by physical deposition as a result of solvent loss. These fixation mechanisms are covered in the section on microdistribution. 

Kennel, S. J., Falcioni, R and Wesley, J. W. (1991) Microdistribution of specific rat monoclonal antibodies to mouse tissues and human tumour xenografts. Cancer Res. 51,1529-1536. 

Vogel N, Baur H, Bischoff A, Semenenko VP, Wieler R (2000) Microdistribution of hght noble gases in primitive chondrites and implications for their accretionaiy history. Meteoritics Planet Sci 35 A165-A166... 

Liang YC and Ding RX (2002) Influence of silicon on microdistribution of mineral ions in roots of salt-stressed barley as associated with salt tolerance in plants. Sci China Ser C-Life Sd 45 298-308. 

Microdistribution of Contaminant Poisons. The distributions of lead and phosphorus in the washcoat of a front quarter core section of the catalyst are revealed by the EPM line scans in Figure 10. Throughout the interior portion of the washcoat, the distributions of lead and phosphorus were parallel. This suggests the presence of lead phosphates, e.g. 

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