Micrococci, types

Recently Jensen and co-workers have determined the structure of a clostridial-type ferredoxin obtained from Micrococcus aerogenes (47). One of the two apparently identical iron-sulfur clusters is illustrated in Fig. 2. The structure is compatible with a model with iron and labile sulfide at alternate comers of a cube. This accounts for the equivalence of these moieties in the protein. Another 8-iron-8 labile sulfur ferredoxin, from Clostridium acidiurici, similarly contains two independent iron-sulfur clusters per molecule (48). Strahs and Kraut (49) had earlier discovered... 

This enzyme (also known as DNA-(apurmic or apyrimid-inic site) lyase, AP endonuclease class I, E. coli endonuclease III, Phage-T4 UV endonuclease, and Micrococcus luteus UV endonuclease) catalyzes the cleavage of the phosphodiester bond in a lyase-type reaction, not hydro-... 

Rubber also contains almost entirely Z double bonds. Consistent with this fact is the finding that the prenyltransferases catalyzing formation of rubber promote loss of the pro-R proton rather than the pro-S proton of mevalonic acid (see Eq. 22-2). There appear to be two types of prenyltransferase in animal mitochondria giving rise to E and Z double bonds, respectively.64 In contrast, the rubber tree contains a 137-residue protein, the rubber elongation factor. This small protein binds to E prenyltransferases causing them to form Z double bonds.65 The bacterium Micrococcus hit cits synthesizes all E polyprenyl alcohol diphosphates up to the 0 5 nonaprenyl compound solanesyl diphosphate.66... 

A second type of bacteria is the cocci (singular, coccus) which are spherical or ovoid in shape. The individual bacterial cells of this group may occur singly [Micrococcus), in chains (Streptococcus), in pairs [Diplococcus). in irregular bunches (Staphylococcus), and in the form of cubical packets (Sarcina). The coccus does not form spores and usually is nonmotUe. See Fig. 2. 

Prepare a known inducer for the immune response of invertebrates (see Note 4). An efficient inducer is a cocktail of overnight cultures of a Gram-positive bacteria (Micrococcus luteus) and a Gram-negative bacteria (wild-type Escherichia coli). 

The chief culprits in generating armpit odours are the bacteria Corynebacterium xerosis and Micrococcus luteus, with Staphylococcus epidermis and Staphylococcus aureus playing minor roles. There can be as many as ten million bacteria cells per square centimetre of armpit skin compared to only 1,000 on the skin of the forearm, and this is as true for women s armpits as for men s, and yet the odour women give off is different because it lacks some of the ingredients that male sweat contains. Male underarm odour has three components an acrid one, a musky one, and a pungent one. The first of these comes from short-to-medium chain acids, the second from steroid type molecules, and especially androstenone, and the third from sulfur-containing molecules. 

Alternatively, a one-pot, single-step deracemization of sec-alcohols has been achieved by employing two different microorganisms in a single reaction vessel. However, the number of examples of this type is limited and the oxidation and reduction steps are usually performed sequentially in a one-pot, two-step procedure. For instance, racemic mandeUc acid was deracemized in the presence of whole cells of Pseudomonas polycdor and Micrococcus freudenreichii [14]. Separate experiments showed that P. polycolor was responsible for the oxidation, while M. freudenreichii was needed for reduction of the corresponding a-keto acid. After 24h, (R)-mandelic acid 4 was isolated in a 60% yield and 99% e.e. [14],... 

Anti-type III pneumococcal polysaccharide O Anti-type VIII pneumococcal polysaccharide Anti-streptococcal group A variant carbohydrate A Anti-streptococcal group C carbohydrate + Anti-p-azophenylarsonate x Anti-Micrococcus lysodeikticus " Mouse kappa light chain. c Human kappa light chain subgroup IV. d K9-335 has an identical sequence as K9-338. 

Purification and characterizations of extracellular chitinases from the marine bacterium Bacillus sp. LJ-25 were described by Lee et al. (2000a). The purified chitinase so obtained showed a single band on SDS-PAGE and had an MW of approximately 50 kDa. The chitinase was most active and relatively stable at a pH of 7.0. The optimum temperature for this enzyme was around 35 °C when the pH of the reaction was kept at 7.0. The effect of metal ions on chitinase activity showed that Zn2+ strongly inhibited the enzyme activity. However, Ba2+, Co2+, Mn2+, and Cu2+ showed slight inhibition of the enzyme. Substrate specificity studies indicated that colloidal chitin (a substrate of the endo type of chitinase) was efficiently degraded by the chitinase. However, chitin and chitosan were ineffectively hydrolyzed by this enzyme. This chitinase did not hydrolyze /V,iV-diacetylchitobiose, j9-nitro phenol- /V- ace tyl - (3 -1 > - g I u c o s a mine, and Micrococcus lysodeikticus cells, which are known to be the substrates of the exo type of chitinases. 

Type Upflow packed bed VbL- 1.21 Bed glass beads Met MTBE Con. 150 mg/1 HRT 1 day O2 14.5 mg/1 Recirc. non Rem. 70% Reactor seeded with petrochemical plant activated sludge dominant species are Micrococcus MTBE removal is comparatively low [67,68]... 

Recently, a new type of ribonucleotide reductase that did not require coenzyme-B12 or iron for activity was discovered in the coryneform bacteria Brevibacteriium ammoniagenes and Micrococcus luteus (228) this enzyme requires manganese instead. Like the diiron-containing enzyme from E. coli, the enzyme from B. ammoniagenes consists of two components, a 30 kDa B1 subunit that binds the nucleotides and 100 kDa B2 subunit consisting of two 50-kDa chains with at least one Mn per chain... 

Dissimilatory nitrate reductases (Pichinoty type A) in membrane fractions from bacteria have been shown capable of utilizing a variety of respiratory Intermediates and reduced pyridine nucleotides for nitrate reduction (Cole and Wimpeny, 1968 Knook et ai, 1973 Burke and Lascelles, 1975 Enoch and Lester, 1975). Reduction of nitrate by the membrane fractions, when respiratory substrates or pyridine nucleotides serve as reduc-tant, is generally inhibited by azide, cyanide and p-chloromercuribenzoate. Nitrate reduction, mediated by respiratory substrates, could be inhibited by n-heptylhydroxyquinoline-N oxide (HONO) or dicoumoral (Ruiz-Herrera and DeMoss, 1%9 Knook et al., 1973 Burke and Lascelles, 1975). However, in Micrococcus denitrificans (Lam and Nicholas, 1969) and in Bacillus stearothermophilus (Downey, 1%6) nitrate reduction is not inhibited by... 

Vegetables, because of their greater proximity to soil and lower acidity and sugar content as compared with fruits, predominately have more bacterial populations. A majority of the species has been found to be common for soil- and waterborne bacteria of the genera Bacillus and Pseudomonas. Some workers have found other types of bacteria such as coliforms and bacteria of the genera Achromobacter, Clostridium, Micrococcus, and Streptococcus from different dehydrated vegetables. 

The cell walls and membranes of most Grampositive bacteria contain a series of highly anionic polymers. Quantitatively one of the most important of these is teichoic acid which can be covalently linked to a glycolipid to give a lipoteichoic acid (Fig. 2.10). An alternative type of anionic polymer, which is found in Gram-positive bacteria such as Micrococcus lysodeikticus, is succinylated lipo-mannan (Fig. 2.10). Like teichoic acid, the lipo-mannan is embedded in the membrane by linkage to a diacylglycerol moiety. 

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