Microbicides

Methyl bromide slowly hydrolyzes in water, forming methanol and hydrobromic acid. The bromine atom of methyl bromide is an excellent leaving group in nucleophilic substitution reactions and is displaced by a variety of nucleophiles. Thus methyl bromide is useful in a variety of methylation reactions, such as the syntheses of ethers, sulfides, esters, and amines. Tertiary amines are methylated by methyl bromide to form quaternary ammonium bromides, some of which are active as microbicides. 

Environment Internal River water treated with microbicides, 35-115°F (2- 6 C), pH 8.2 External Steam and condensate, pH 8.5-9.0... 

HSV2 (herpes simplex virus 2), which causes significant morbidity and is an important cofactor for the transmission of HIV infection was recently targeted in a mouse model by local application of siRNA mixed with lipids. The results suggested that siRNA could work as active components of microbicides to prevent viral infection or transmission [2]. 

Palliser D, Chowdhury D, Wang QY et al (2006) An siRNA-based microbicide protects mice from lethal herpes simplex vims 2 infection. Nature 439(7072) 89-94... 

A variety of other clinically important infections, such as brucellosis, listeriosis, salmonellosis, and various Mycobacterium infections, are of interest as these are often localized in organs rich in MPS cells. Liposome encapsulation has been demonstrated to improve therapeutic indices of several drugs in a number of infectious models. The natural avidity of macrophages for liposomes can also be exploited in the application of the vesicles as carriers of immunomodulators to activate these cells to an microbicidal, antiviral, or tumoricidal state. These studies were recently reviewed by Emmen and Storm (1987), Popescu et al. (1987), and Alving (1988). In addition to the treatment of "old" infectious diseases, the concept of MPS-directed drug delivery is of considerable interest for the therapy AIDS, possibly enabling control of human immunodeficiency virus replication in human macrophages. 

The H2O2 used as substrate is generated by the NADPH oxidase system. CT is the halide usually employed, since it is present in relatively high concentration in plasma and body fluids. HOCI, the active ingredient of household liquid bleach, is a powerful oxidant and is highly microbicidal. When applied to normal tissues, its potential for causing damage is diminished be-... 

J. C. Hsu. Synergistic microbicidal combinations containing 3-isothiazolone and commercial biocides. Patent US 4906651, 1990. 

T lymphocytes become activated over the course of 3 to 4 weeks, producing interferon-y (IFN-y) and other cytokines. These stimulate microbicidal macrophages to surround the tuberculous foci and form granulomas to prevent further extension.15 At this point, the infection is largely under control, and bacillary replication falls off dramatically. Any remaining mycobacteria are believed to reside primarily within granulomas or within macrophages that have avoided detection and lysis. Over 1 to... 

To be active as a microbicide at least one of the organic radicals must have 8 to 18 carbons in the chain. 

DL-10 (35) T cell, fibroblast Suppression of B- and T-cell proliferation. Inhibition of LPS-induced monocyte IL-1, IL-8, and TNF production. Induction of IL-lra. Suppression of free radical release and NO-dependent microbicidal activity of macrophages. 

TNF-a converting enzyme, 38,153 toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling, 45, 191 topical microbicides, 40, 277 topoisomerase, 21, 247 44, 379 toxicity, mathematical models, 18, 303 toxicity reversal, 15, 233... 

Lissner, C. R., Weinstein, D. L. and O Brien, A. D. (1985). Mouse chromosome 1 Ity locus regulates microbicidal activity of isolated peritoneal macrophages against a diverse group of intracellular and extracellular bacteria, J. Immunol., 135, 544-547. 

Spitznagel, J. K., Okamura, N. (1983). Oxygen independent microbicidal mechanisms of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 162,5-17. 

Malawista, S. E., Montgomery, R. R., Van Blaricom, G. (1992). Evidence for reactive nitrogen intermediates in killing of Staphylococci by human neutrophil cytoplasts A new microbicidal pathway for polymorphonuclear leukocytes. J. Clin. Invest. 90, 631-6. 

Segal, A. W. (1989). The electron transport chain of the microbicidal oxidase of phagocytic cells and its involvement in the molecular pathology of chronic granulomatous disease. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 17, 427-34. 

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