Microarray chemical-detection

A single cell suspension of LNC is prepared under aseptic conditions and cultured for various periods of time. The production by LNC of type lcytokines (such as IFN-y and IL-12) and type 2 cytokines (such as IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 and IL-13) is measured using cytokine specific ELIS As or cytokine microarrays. It is possible to measure the spontaneous production of IL-5, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13 and IFN-y by LNC without restimulation in vitro. However, IL-4 appears to be produced in comparatively small amounts and to induce detectable levels of this cytokine an additional stimulus is required concanavalin A (con A), a T lymphocyte mitogen. Culture of LNC derived from mice treated with chemical respiratory sensitizer with con A will stimulate the production of detectable levels of IL-4. Treatment with the same mitogen of LNC derived from naive or vehicle-treated mice fails to induce measurable IL-4 secretion [86],... 

Toxicogenomics tries to assess the toxicity and safety of chemical compounds by analyzing gene expression changes detected by measuring mRNA levels using DNA microarrays (1,2). 

ISFET based systems have been developed at different laboratories [91 -93] using a planar or three dimensional set up. Such systems which are equipped with micropumps and valves are able to detect ions and other interesting chemical parameters (Fig. 4). Different approaches have been made in the detection of ions and diluted gases. Microarrays for measuring pressure, temperature, pH, 02 and C02 were realized using silicon technology and a hybrid set up of the different components [94]. Blood gas measurements with integrated pH, 02 and C02-electrodes have been tested in real samples [95]. 

Fluorescent dyes, especially the cyanine dyes Cy3 and Cy5, are the most popular choice for dual colour microarray analysis. The main benefit of using Cy dye fluorophors in particular is that the two dyes can be excited and detected from the same slide. Fluorescent dyes can be directly incorporated into nucleic acid by either enzymatic or chemical methods. Basically there are two fluorescent dye-labeling strategies ... 

Military In consideration of potential terror acts with chemical and biological weapons a fast test for different kinds of chemicals and organisms is required. In a single microarray experiment various toxins and biological species can be detected with specific detection probes (generated antibodies). 

This approach is highly efficient, as thousands to hundreds of thousands or even millions of compounds can be generated easily. In this review, we shall briefly discuss the preparation of these chemical microarrays and follow with a more detailed discussion on the various screening methods. Applications of these microarrays to various biological systems will also be described. The approaches that have been employed for preparing microarrays and the methods used to detect activity in different applications are summarized in Table 1. Schematic representations of the generation of planar chemical arrays and bead-arrays are shown in Figure 1. DNA and... 

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