Methyl methacrylate with sulfonate group

Fujii et al. [13] studied morphological structures of the cross section of various hollow fibers and fiat sheet membranes by high-resolution field emission scanning electron microscopy. Figure 6.8 shows a cross-sectional structure of a flat sheet cellulose acetate RO membrane. The layer near the top surface is composed of a densely packed monolayer of polymeric spheres, which is supported by a layer formed with completely packed spheres. The contours of the spheres in the top layer can be observed. The middle layer is also composed of loosely packed and partly fused spheres, which are larger than the spheres in the surface layer. In the middle layer, there are many microvoids, the sizes of which are the same as the spheres. The layer near the bottom is denser than the middle layer, and the spheres are deformed and fused. Interstitial void spaces between the spheres, which may be called microvoids, are clearly observed. This structure seems common for the flat sheet as well as the hollow fiber membranes. For example. Fig. 6.9 shows a cross section of a hollow fiber made of PMMA B-2 (a copolymer containing methyl methacrylate and a small amount of sulfonate groups). The inside surface layer is composed of the dense structure of compactly packed fine polymeric particles. The particle structure of the middle layer... 

Carboxylated PAES can be synthesized by sequential lithiation and carboxylation of poly(arylene ether sulfone) in tetrahydrofuran. The carboxyl groups are then converted into acid chloride groups by thionyl chloride and treatment with V-oxypyridine-2-thione gives the thiohydroxamic ester [60], A grafting reaction is obtained by adding to the polymer styrene and irradiation. Homopolymerization of the styrene does not take place under these conditions. Other vinyl monomers, including methyl methacrylate and acryl-... 

In a way similar to PDMS and TEOS, other organic polymers have been functionaliz with alkoxysilyl groups and covalently bonded to silica. Polymers that have been coupled with silica are PTMO-based polyurethane oligomers T69 polyoxazolines , polyimide, poly(arylene ether ketone) poly(arylene ether sulfone), polystyrene polyoxopropylene (PPO) ", polyacrylonitrile, copolymers of methyl methacrylate and allyl methacrylate and cyclophosphazenes. ... 

Comparison of the physical blend, Nafion-H/PMMA, with the ph mically combined copolymers. The degradation of Nafion-H/PMMA blends and 2-SEM/MMA copolymers both show significant char formation, indicating that the methyl methacrylate units of both interact with the sulfonic acid groups. As illustrated in the Schemes, the process by which this occurs is different but the end result is that MMA is incorporated into the char rather than simply producing monomer as is seen in PMMA degradation. 

Both acrylic and modacrylic fibres are based on atactic polyacrylonitrile. The generic name acrylic fibre refers to fibres made from linear copolymers that consist of not less than 85 wt % acrylonitrile units. The majority of commercial acrylic fibres contain between 5 and 8% of neutral comonomers, namely vinyl acetate, methyl acrylate or methyl methacrylate. In addition, smaller quantities of various ionic comonomers e,g, sodium styrenesulfonate) are used to provide, together with the ionic end-groups formed from sulfonate and sulfate initiators, the dye sites in the fibres. 

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