Methyl glycerate

All of the 4-carbon saccharinic acids possible have been prepared and characterized.132 The 4-carbon metasaccharinic acid has been encountered frequently,1,133-137 and a racemic mixture of the 2-methyl-glyceric acids (2,3-dihydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acids) was obtained from 4-O-methyl-D-threose.136... 

Cesium fluoride. 13,68 14 Ethers. A direct tran< reaction with alkyl halides ii as methyl glycerate via dibui As base. Both sulflde CsF as a base. A route to c malonic ester and glycidyl n... 

Cesium fluoride. 13,68 14,79 15,75-76 16,69-70 17,68 18,88-89 19,70-72 Ethers. A direct transformation of aryl silyl ethers to aryl alkyl ethers is by their reaction with alkyl halides in the presence of CsF-DMF. Monobenzylation of glycols such as methyl glycerate via dibutylstannylene acetals. ... 

Most of the multistep reactions triggered by our heterocyclic system relied on its combined use with DDQ [27,28, 32]. In early studies, the versatile reactivity of DDQ—a result of its combined electron-transfer, oxidative, and acidic properties [39]—was exploited to enable domino cyclizations starting from protected iec-alcohols 29a-b on the way to the de novo synthesis of the whole series of the rare L-hexoses (Scheme 5.7) [27]. Treatment of 29a-b [in turn obtained from protected glyeeraldehyde (Scheme 5.2C) or methyl glycerate (Scheme 5.2D)] with DDQ in a 3/1 CH2Cl2/MeOH... 

Methylsuccinic acid has been prepared by the pyrolysis of tartaric acid from 1,2-dibromopropane or allyl halides by the action of potassium cyanide followed by hydrolysis by reduction of itaconic, citraconic, and mesaconic acids by hydrolysis of ketovalerolactonecarboxylic acid by decarboxylation of 1,1,2-propane tricarboxylic acid by oxidation of /3-methylcyclo-hexanone by fusion of gamboge with alkali by hydrog. nation and condensation of sodium lactate over nickel oxide from acetoacetic ester by successive alkylation with a methyl halide and a monohaloacetic ester by hydrolysis of oi-methyl-o -oxalosuccinic ester or a-methyl-a -acetosuccinic ester by action of hot, concentrated potassium hydroxide upon methyl-succinaldehyde dioxime from the ammonium salt of a-methyl-butyric acid by oxidation with. hydrogen peroxide from /9-methyllevulinic acid by oxidation with dilute nitric acid or hypobromite from /J-methyladipic acid and from the decomposition products of glyceric acid and pyruvic acid. The method described above is a modification of that of Higginbotham and Lapworth. ... 

The CPPase substrate DMAPP (15) is formed from isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) (14) via the IPP isomerase reaction. It had been assumed that IPP was generated only via mevalonic acid (12) (Fig. 2), but Rohmer discovered another route, 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (13) (MEP) pathway (Fig. 2) [22, 23]. A key step in the MEP pathway is the reaction catalyzed by 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS), which combines hydroxyethyl thiamine pyrophosphate (hydroxyethyl TPP) generated from pyruvic acid (17) and TPP with glyceral-dehyde 3-phosphate (18) to yield 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate (19) containing five carbons. The mevalonate pathway operates in the cytosol of plants and animals, whereas the MEP pathway is present in the plastid of plants or in eubacteria [24-27]. 

The synthesis of /./-pyridindolol 1064 started by acetonation of glyceric ester 1057 to give 1058, which was converted to the imidazoline 1059 by reaction with l,l-dimethyl-l,2-diaminoethane followed by acetylation. Its methylation gave 1060, which can be reduced to 1061 further reaction with tryptamine or tryptophan ester hydrochloride 1062 gave the respective diastreomeric mixture of carboline 1063 (80H947). Its conversion to racemic alkaloid d,/-pyridindolol 1064 could be readily achieved (79JOC535). 

Higher homologs having a nonterminal fluorine atom were synthesized305 by Claisen condensation of ethyl fluoroacetate with methyl 2,3-O-isopropylidene-DL-glycerate, giving a mixture of the isomeric 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-4,5-0-isopropylidene-DL-3-pentulosonates (540). On... 

D-Glycerate-2- and -3-[lsO]phosphorothioates have been synthesized by the route outlined in Fig. 10 [29], Methyl D-glycerate was converted to the diastereomeric mixture of exo- and enr/o-D-glycerate cyclic phosphorothioates, which were separated by chromatography. Each isomer was then subjected to hydrolysis with Lil8OH, which was known to occur largely by an in-line mechanism with inversion of... 

Most of the catalyst is recovered after the transesterification reaction as sodium glycerate, sodium methylate and sodium soaps in the glycerol phase. An acidic neutralization step with, for example, aqueous hydrochloric acid is required to neutralize these salts sodium soaps are thus converted into free fatty acids, which can be removed from glycerol by decantation. In this case, glycerol is obtained as an aqueous solution containing sodium chloride. Depending on the process, the final glycerol purity is about 80%. 

Imidazolidine derivative 9 was obtained by the borohydride reduction of the corresponding A2-imidazolinium cation precursor formed by the condensation of the acetonide of the ethyl ester of D,L-glyceric acid and 1,1-dimethyl-1,2-diamine followed by acetylation and methylation (80H947, 83T3987). 

An important question in molecular imprinting has been addressed using covalent binding by two boronic acids to what extent can imprinted polymers also bind substances other than the template. For example, are racemates of other substances resolvable In the first experiments on glyceric acid esters 5 with a certain ester as template, imprinted polymers were shown to resolve a whole series of racemates even when the alcohol group in the racemate is varied (methyl, ethyl, benzyl, or 4-nitrophenyl) [39]. Aromatic amino acids were shown to behave similarly. Here, the aromatic group in the racemates can vary. A racemate resolution is possible provided that the rest of the structure remains the same [40]. 

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