Method for calibration

After the melting point has been determined, the thermometer reading is corrected by reference to the calibration chart of the thermometer. Methods for calibrating a thermometer are described in Section 11,9. 

Once familiar with methods for calibrating the FLIM system, it is worthwhile to verify the range over which a given FLIM system performs well. This is particularly useful for persons new to the method to... 

To use Equation 2 to determine s electron density diflFerences, it must be "calibrated —i.e., source-absorber or absorber-absorber combinations must be found for which the 5 electron density diflFerence is known. The most common method for calibrating the isomeric shift formula is to measure isomeric shifts for absorbers with diflFerent numbers of outer shell 5 electrons—e.g., by using compounds with the absorbing atoms in different valence states. The accuracy of this method depends on how much is known about the chemical bonds in suitably chosen absorber compounds, in particular about their ionicity and their hybridization. t/ (0) 2 can be obtained for an outer 5 electron from the Fermi-Segre formula or preferably from Hartree-Fock calculations. 

Similar conclusions were recently reported both by Hodgeson et al. and by Paur. These findings provide further validation of the ultraviolet method for calibrating air monitoring instruments and establish gas-phase titration as an alternative primary reference method. 

In fact, this provides a method for calibrating the laminar jet to determine (/ as a function of the metered gas flow rate. Substituting Eq. (32) in Eq. (31), and solving for U, we have... 

The properties of some widely used selective pulses are described, together with methods for calibration. The emphasis is on an overview of what may be expected from a given pulse shape in terms of selectivity, duration, quality of profile, sensitivity to relaxation, and range of applicability. 

N cuum technology standard method for calibrating vacuum gauges through direct comparison with a reference device Part 1 - General principles 5/76... 

N cuum gauges - standard methods for calibration Part 1 - Pressure reduction by continuous flow in the pressure range 10 . .. 10" Pa. 2/91... 

Small chemical fluorochromes, such as fluorescein, have an advantage in this case because of the stability and predictability of their conjugates. Although methods for calibration of phycoerythrin-labeled antibodies are now available, a wider range of options is available for fluorescein (see Section 3.3.5.). 

Automatic integration of peak areas or peak heighl measure men Is, with a choice of several calibration methods for calibration of results. 

There are several other chemometric approaches to calibration transfer that will only be mentioned in passing here. An approach based on finite impulse response (FIR) filters, which does not require the analysis of standardization samples on any of the analyzers, has been shown to provide good results in several different applications.81 Furthermore, the effectiveness of three-way chemometric modeling methods for calibration transfer has been recently discussed.82 Three-way methods refer to those methods that apply to A -data that must be expressed as a third-order data array, rather than a matrix. Such data include excitation/emission fluorescence data (where the three orders are excitation wavelength, emission wavelength, and fluorescence intensity) and GC/MS data (where the three orders are retention time, mass/charge ratio, and mass spectrum intensity). It is important to note, however, that a series of spectral data that are continuously obtained on a process can be constructed as a third-order array, where the three orders are wavelength, intensity, and time. 

The most straightforward method for calibrating the relationship between D and M is to measure both D and M for a set of monodisperse samples with different molecular weights. In reality, the monodisperse samples have to be replaced by narrowly distributed standards made available either by relevant living polymerization or by fractionation of a broadly distributed sample. However, only a few kinds of polymers, e.g. polystyrene and poly(methyl methylacrylate), can actually be prepared so as to have a sufficiently narrow molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn 1.1), and the fractionation is very time consuming. Thus, the straightforward calibration of the D vs M relation is not always practical. 

This may also provide an alternative method for calibrating the XPS signal. 

A reference to the use of "Quinine actinometry as a method for calibrating ultraviolet radiation intensity in light stability testing of pharmaceuticals was added."... 

Oxidation and Photolysis. In Chemical Stability of Pharmaceuticals A Handbook for Pharmacists. Kenneth A, Connors, GL Amidon, VJ Stella, eds. NY Wiley, 1986 113. Yoshioka S, Ishihara Y, Terazono T, et al. Quinine actinometry as a method for calibrating ultraviolet radiation intensity in light stability testing of pharmaceuticals. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 1994 20(13) 2049-2062. 

Standard methods for calibration of SEC columns with narrow MWD samples have been published by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM... 

The standard method for calibrating 7 2 is a technique known as off-resonance decoupling (Section 5-3 and Figure 5-8). In Figure 1-25, we saw that methyl carbons appear as quartets, methylene carbons as triplets, and methine carbons as doublets in fully proton-... 

The disadvantages of the previous techniques provided the motivation to develop another approach an autocalibration technique. This method does not require either an independent analytical method for calibration, post-column analysis, or separate rate determination. 

The electrometric method (Standard Method 4500-0 G) uses either an electrochemical- or a galvanic cell that interacts with the test sample through a membrane that allows dissolved oxygen to pass through. These cells and test instruments are commercially available from a wide variety of vendors. These use varying methods for calibration and temperature compensation, which must be followed explicitly to obtain accurate results. 

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