Methanol environmental sciences

Hubbard CE, Barker JF, O Hannesin SF, Vandergrindt M, GUlham RW (1994) Transport and fate of dissolved methanol, methyl-tertiary-butyl-ether, and monoaromatic hydrocarbons in a shallow sand aquifer. Am Petrol Inst Publ 4601, Health and Environmental Science Department, Washington, DC... 

Istadi, 1., Anggoro, D.D., et al., 2015a. Active acid catalyst of sulphated zinc oxide for transesterification of soybean oil with methanol to biodiesel. Procedia Environmental Sciences 23, 385—393. Available at http //www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1878029 615(X)0560 (accessed 01.02.15.). 

Larson, E. D. Katofsky, R. E., Production of Methanol and Hydrogen from Biomass. Center for Energy and Environmental Studies, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 1992. 

Environmental applications of SFE appear to be the most widespread in the literature. A typical example is the comparison of extraction efficiency for 2,3,7,8 -tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) from sediment samples using supercritical fluid extraction and five individual mobile phases with Soxhlet extraction was made (101). The mobile phases, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, pure and modified with 2% methanol as well as sulfur hexafluoride were examined. Pure nitrous oxide, modified carbon dioxide and modified nitrous oxide systems gave the recoveries in the acceptable range of 80 to 100%. Carbon dioxide and sulfur hexafluoride showed recoveries of less than 50% under identical conditions. Classical Soxhlet recoveries by comparison illustrated the poorest precision with average extraction efficiencies of less than 65%. Mobile phase choice, still as yet a major question in the science of supercritical fluid extraction, seems to be dependent upon several factors polarity of the solute of interest, stearic interactions, as well as those between the matrix and the mobile phase. Physical parameters of the solute of interest, as suggested by King, must also be considered. Presently, the science behind the extraction of analytes of interest from complex matrices is not completely understood. 

The production of nanostructured carbon materials by hydrothermal processes from natural precursors is one of the most attractive subjects in material science today. Carbon materials prepared from hydrothermal process are currently being used in various fields of research including environmental, electrical, chemical, and biomedical fields. In environmental application, carbon is mainly used as a sorbent material for the removal of heavy metal ions (CrO/, Pb +, and Cd +) from water and wastewater [116,117]. Carbon nanocoils prepared from saccharides (sucrose, glucose, and starch) with a support of Pt/Ru nanoparticles exhibit a high catalytic activity for the electro-oxidation of methanol in an acid medium [150]. Similarly, electro-oxidation of ethanol and methanol was carried out with electro catalysts, such as Pd/CHC (coin-like hollow carbon), Pt/ HCS (hard carbon spherules), and Pt/Pd/CMS (carbon microspheres) in acidic and alkaline media... 

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