Methane rice paddy fields

Butterbach-Bahl K, Papen H, Rennenberg H. Impact of gas transport through rice cultivars on methane emission from rice paddy fields. Plant Cell Environ. 1997 20 1175-1183. 

Cai Z, Xing G, Yan X, Xu H, Tsuruta H, Yagi K, Minami K. Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from rice paddy fields as affected by nitrogen fertilisers and water management. Plant Soil. 1997 196 7-14. 

Schiitz H, Seiler W, Comad R. 1990. Influence of soil temperatme on methane emission from rice paddy fields. Biochemistry 11 77-95. 

Yagi K., Tsuruta H., Kanda K.-I., and Moinami K. (1996) Effect of water management on methane emission from a Japanese rice paddy field automated methane monitoring. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 10, 255—267. 

Methane, CH4 1.7 ppm Rising Uniform Rice paddy fields, 75 Domestic animals, 100 Swamps/marshes, 120 Biomass burning, 50 Fossil sources, 90 Reaction with OH, 430 To the stratosphere, 40 Uptake by soils 30 8.5 yr... 

Methane emissions from crop fields (notably rice paddy fields) are increased by the application of ammonium-based fertilizers these emissions contribute... 

Werle P, Kormann R. 2001. A fast chemical sensor for eddy correlation measurements of methane emissions from rice paddy fields . Appl. Opt. 40(6) 846-858. 

Methane itself is a greenhouse gas released in large quantities from cattle, termite mounds, rice paddy fields and swamps. The methane produced is the product of bacteria living under anaerobic conditions. In recent years focus has been directed towards a potential source of methane that represents both an opportunity and a threat. Methane has been found stored in the sediments of the continental shelf beneath the deep ocean, underneath the permafrost of the Arctic and in deep Antarctic ice cores (Figure 10.60). In these circumstances the methane is stored in the form of methane clathrates. Clathrates are structures formed by the inclusion of atoms or molecules of one kind, in this case methane, in cavities of the crystal lattice of another, in this case ice. The open, hydrogen-bonded structure of ice (see Chapter 4) lends itself to the formation of such caged structures. 

Yagi K, Tsuruta H, Minami K, Chairog P, Cholitkul W. 1994. Methane emission from Japanese and Thai paddy soils. In Minami K, Mosier AR, Sass RL, eds. CH4 andN20 Global Emissions and Controls from Rice Fields and Other Agricultural and Industrial Sources. Tsukuba National Institute for Agroenvironmental Sciences, 41-53. 

Schbnwiese (1995) calculates the CH share in the greenhouse effect of about 2.5% and agriculture is believed to account for roughly two-thirds of the total human-generated CH (Watson ef al. 1996). While paddy rice fields, cattle feedlots and the burning of biomass contribute to methane emissions, about 75% of methane on farms is emitted directly from ruminant animals, from digestive processes and excretion (Stolze ef al. 2000, Alfbldi ef al. 2002, Shepherd ef al. 2003). 

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