Metatarsal

Thus, the presence of uric acid crystals in joints triggers a vicious cycle, resulting in an extremely painful inflammation. A typical localization of acute gouty arthritis is the first metatarsal joint of the foot (podagra). The diagnosis of acute gouty arthritis is confirmed by the detection of urate crystals in the joint or tophus. 

Tarsal, metatarsal, caudal, interdigital and preorbital glandular structures have been described in the black-tailed deer, Odocoileus hemionus columbianus. The tarsal organ received considerable attention from chemists and behavioral scientists during the early years of chemical research on mammalian semiochemicals. The major constituent of the complex mixture of volatile compounds associated with the tarsal hair tuft of this mule deer, (Z)-6-dodecen-4-olide [ 125], was subsequently found to be a mixture of the R and S enantiomers in a ratio of 89 11 respectively [ 126]. It was later found that this compound does not originate in the tarsal structure itself, but that it is extracted from the animal s urine by the tarsal hair tuft, which is specially adapted to extract lipids from urine [127]. 

Inactivating G a variants lead to Albright s hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO) in the heterozygote, snggesting that G a haploinsnfficiency canses the disorder. AHO is characterized by short statnre, obesity, brachydactyly (shortening of metacarpal and metatarsal bones), snbcntaneous ossifications, and mental or developmental deficits (86,87). The severity of the phenotype is variable. Some patients with G a mutations have few or no symptoms. 

An animal can control release of odor molecules from body surfaces, especially skin gland areas, up to a point. But in moist air, volatiles from secretions on skin or hair will evaporate more easily. If only intermittent odor emission is desirable, humidity would interfere with the animal s odor release. Glands that produce such intermittent signals, such as alarm odors, appear to be more developed in species or subspecies in drier climates. An example is the metatarsal gland in... 

Apocrine (modified sweat Metatarsal gland Black-tailed deer... 

SeUa turcica CKvus Cynomolgus GD150 Metatarsal Cynomolgus GDISO 5 Z o 13 IT C 3... 

Examine the hindlimbs from the ventral aspect, and examine femurs, patellae, tibiae, fibulae, metatarsals, and phalanges (talus and calcaneus in rabbits and guinea pigs). 

Even if there is little evidence that maternal toxicity (defined as reductions in maternal body weight) is consistently associated with major malformations, there is clear evidence that substantial reduction in maternal weight is linked with other manifestations of developmental toxicity. These manifestations include decreased fetal weights, and skeletal anomalies (e.g., wavy ribs) in rats and decreased fetal weights, post implantation loss, abortions, and skeletal defects in rabbits (e.g., unossified sternebrae, metatarsals, metacarpals, or caudal vertebrae). 

Fig. 9.18. Human toe bone section (5th metatarsal) 650 MHz, z = 0 (courtesy of Trevor Gardner and Roger Gundle). 

A section through a human toe bone (fifth metatarsal, amputated by Roger Gundle who took the pictures in 1.3) is shown in Fig. 9.18. The circular patterns relate to the Haversian system responsible for blood flow in the bone. The regions around the holes are osteons. The osteons appear with different contrast in this picture. As always this relates to different mechanical properties. In this case it enables you to distinguish the different ages of osteons, because the variation in contrast is related to different degrees of mineralization. 

In poultry, manganese deficiency causes a different clinical picture when it affects the egg than when it affects the hatched bird In the case of the egg, the embryo become swollen and deformed, and their skeletons become defective and fragile [ chondrodystrophy"). Adult birds develop perosis (slipped tendon) which is an enlargement and malfunction of the libiiil metatarsal joint, followed hy slipping of the Achilles tendon from the condyles. The bone deformities seen in poultry also can be induced in mammals. 

If left untreated, the hyperuricemic state may precipitate an acute attack of gout, which first appears in metatarsal phalangeal joints. Ultimately, tophaceous deposits form in the joints and soft tissues such as the kidneys. The hyperuricemic state may be corrected either by inhibiting the synthesis of uric acid by allopurinol or by enhancing the elimination of uric acid by uricosuric agents. 

Mr. Plex looks up. The light is dim orange from the overhead receptacles of bioluminescent insects. Mostly it s quiet, except for the throbbing of the life-support machines, the hum of various air pumps, and the clacking of Mr. Plex s five metatarsal nails against the tile floor. 

Mr VC is a 65-year-old man (68 kg, 175 cm) who presents to the accident and emergency department feeling increasingly unwell. He is on a short holiday with his wife, and unable to return home to see his GP. Two weeks ago he presented to his GP with a painful right metatarsal pharyngeal joint (due to gout), for which his GP prescribed ... 

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