Settlement metamorphosis

Pteridine, pyrimidine, pyrrole, and imidazole derivatives as natural compounds of marine origin influencing larval settlements and metamorphosis of marine sessile organisms 99YZ457. 

Greer SP, Iken KB, McClintock JB, Amsler CD (2003) Individual and coupled effects of echino-derm extracts and surface hydrophobicity on spore settlement and germination in the brown alga Hincksia irregularis. Biofouling 19 315-326 Hadfield M, Paul VJ (2001) Natural chemical cues for settlement and metamorphosis in marine-invertebrate larvae. In McClintock JB, Baker BJ (eds) Marine Chemical Ecology. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 431 161... 

The bromotyramine derivatives ceratinamide A (136) and psammaplysin A (137) from the sponge Pseudoceratina purpurea inhibit the settlement and metamorphosis of cyprid larvae of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite (ED50 0.10 and 0.27 (Jg/ml). Interestingly, psammaplysin A induces larval metamorphosis of the ascidian Halocynthia roretzi (ED 0o 1.2 (Jg/ml) [74]. 

The antifouling sponge metabolite pseudoceratidine (1245) was characterized from the Japanese Pseudoceratina purpurea (1253). This spermidine derivative has excellent larval settlement and metamorphosis inhibitory activity against the barnacle Balanus amphitrite (ED50 = 8.0 pig cm-3), and is the first example of an antifouling spermidine derivative. The four tauroacidins A (1246/1247) and B (1248/1249), with tyrosine kinase inhibitory activity, were isolated from the... 

Thompson et al. have investigated the ecological role of the brominated isoxazoline alkaloids, aerothionin (Structure 2.84) and homoaerothionin (Structure 2.89), in Californian specimens of A. fistularis.134 139 The alkaloids caused behavioral modification in marine invertebrates, were toxic to dorid nudibranchs other than one specialized feeder, inhibited the settlement and/or metamorphosis of invertebrate larvae, and were strongly antimicrobial and cytotoxic. Sponges exuded significantly more of these two alkaloids when wounded,155 and, consistent with their defensive role, the metabolites were found to be localized in spherulous cells close to the aquiferous exhalant canals.156... 

Fusetani, N., Marine natural products influencing larval settlement and metamorphosis of benthic... 

Settlement and metamorphosis of barnacles in response to chemical cues appears more complex than for oysters, with several materials functioning as inducers of settlement (reviewed by Clare... 

A variety of other amino acid- or peptide-based cues also induce larval settlement and metamorphosis. For example, larvae of the sand dollar Dendraster excentricus settle and metamorphose in response to (1) a peptide-based cue from sand associated with adults, and (2) to water conditioned by adults.135 137 The nudibranch Adalaria proxima is induced to settle and metamorphose by a water-soluble-peptide-based cue from its bryozoan host Electra pilosa.138 139 A surface-associated peptide inducer has been proposed for the tube worm Phragmatopoma lapidosa californica140 but its role as a natural inducer remains to be defined. 

Free fatty acids as inducers of settlement and metamorphosis have also been suggested for echinoderms.156 However, there are, at present, no studies which unequivocally support the role of free fatty acids as settlement inducers for marine invertebrates. 

Effective colonization of a surface by bacteria can occur in a number of different stages and occurs at both the level of the individual cell and in multicellular populations and communities. Pragmatically, the time course of bacterial colonization from initial attachment to complex biofllm formation is also often short in comparison to the time course of settlement and metamorphosis for larvae of many invertebrates. Thus, bacterial colonization is broadly considered here to include directional swimming (e.g., the ability to approach a surface) (see also Chapter 12 in this volume), attachment, various kinds of surface motility, and biohlm formation. Chemical signals can affect all stages of this process for bacteria, although direct evidence is sparse for marine bacteria. 

Sarojini, R., Nagabhushanam, R., and Fingerman, M., Induction of larval settlement and metamorphosis by neuroactive compounds in marine invertebrates, in Recent Advances in Marine Biotechnology, Vol III, Fingerman, M., Nagabhushanam, R., and Thompson, M.F., Eds., Science Publishers, Inc., Enfield, NH, 1999, 203. 

Morse, A.N.C., Froyd, C.A., and Morse, D.E., Molecules from cyanobacteria and red algae that induce larval settlement and metamorphosis in the mollusc Haliotis rufescens, Mar. Biol., 81, 293, 1984. 

Highsmith, R.C., Induced settlement and metamorphosis of sand dollar Dendraster excentricus) larvae in predator-free sites adult sand dollar beds, Ecology, 63, 329, 1982. 

Pawlik, J.R., Chemical induction of larval settlement and metamorphosis in the reef-building tube worm Phragmatopoma californica (Polychaeta Sabellariidae), Mar. Biol., 91, 59, 1986. 

Kitamura, H., Kitahara, S., and Koh, H.B., The induction of larval settlement and metamorphosis of two sea urchins, Pseudocentrotus depressus and Anthocidaris crassispina, by free fatty acids extracted from the coralline red alga Corallina pilulifera, Mar. Biol., 115, 387, 1993. 

Kirchman, D., Graham, S., Reish, D., and Mitchell, R., Bacteria induce settlement and metamorphosis of Janua (Dexiospira) brasiliensis Grube (Polychaeta Spirorbidae), J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 56, 153, 1982. 

Natural Chemical Cues for Settlement and Metamorphosis of Marine-Invertebrate Larvae... 

A. Types of Compounds That Induce Settlement and Metamorphosis.450... 

Considerable experimental evidence suggests that chemical cues are very important in substrate selection by larvae. In nature, chemical cues may interact with physical or hydrodynamic factors to induce larval settlement.5-7 Despite the evidence that chemical cues are extremely important for settling larvae, the complete chemical identity of the natural inducer molecules is known in very few cases.3-8-11 More commonly, partial chemical characterization has provided clues to the chemical identity of the natural inducers. These partially purified inducers are useful for studying the biology of larval settlement and metamorphosis.912-18... 

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