Invertebrate larvae

Parallel studies to those for C. virginica larvae have been completed for 

Mytilus edulis larvae [33]. The trend was similar for M. edulis larvae regarding the increased anoxia tolerance in later developmental forms, as was the recovery profiles for CR ratios. However, there was a significant anaerobic component in the total energy expenditure of larvae under normoxic conditions (Table 1), which the authors suggested was due to periods of valve closure and quiescence under normoxia that diminished under moderate hypoxia. In addition to calorimetric data on M edulis larvae, measurements are also available for gametes [98]. These data showed that mass-specific heat dissipation increased five-fold as development proceeded from the unfertilized egg to the D-stage (3-day) larva, but then declined thereafter. 

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Schmitt TM, Lindquist N, Hay ME (1998) Seaweed secondary metabolites as antifoulants effects of Dictyota spp. diterpenes on survivorship, settlement, and development of invertebrate larvae. Chemoecology 8 125-131... 

Wieczorek SK, Todd CD (1998) Inhibition and facilitation of settlement of epifaunal marine invertebrate larvae by microbial biofilm cues. Biofouling 12 81-118... 

Greer SP, Iken KB, McClintock JB, Amsler CD (2003) Individual and coupled effects of echino-derm extracts and surface hydrophobicity on spore settlement and germination in the brown alga Hincksia irregularis. Biofouling 19 315-326 Hadfield M, Paul VJ (2001) Natural chemical cues for settlement and metamorphosis in marine-invertebrate larvae. In McClintock JB, Baker BJ (eds) Marine Chemical Ecology. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 431 161... 

Ramachandran, S., Patel, T.R., and Colbo, M.H. Effect of copper and cadmium on three Malaysian tropical estuarine invertebrate larvae, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 36(2) 183-188, 1997. 

Lindquist, N. and Hay, M. E., Palatability and chemical defense of marine invertebrate larvae, Ecol. Monogr., 66, 431, 1996. 

Thompson et al. have investigated the ecological role of the brominated isoxazoline alkaloids, aerothionin (Structure 2.84) and homoaerothionin (Structure 2.89), in Californian specimens of A. fistularis.134 139 The alkaloids caused behavioral modification in marine invertebrates, were toxic to dorid nudibranchs other than one specialized feeder, inhibited the settlement and/or metamorphosis of invertebrate larvae, and were strongly antimicrobial and cytotoxic. Sponges exuded significantly more of these two alkaloids when wounded,155 and, consistent with their defensive role, the metabolites were found to be localized in spherulous cells close to the aquiferous exhalant canals.156... 

Levitan, D.R., The ecology of fertihzation in free-spawning invertebrates, in Marine Invertebrate Larvae, McEdward, L., Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, EL, 1995, 123. 

Many of the studies reviewed in this chapter have focused on the meroplankton. However, little is known about ontogenetic shifts in concentrations and patterns of defense in marine invertebrate larval forms.40 Further work is needed to determine if, for a wider range of species, developing larvae are capable of secondary metabolite synthesis or if defensive compounds are derived directly from adults. While a number of studies have been conducted on chemical defenses in lecithotrophic larvae of benthic invertebrates, the database is still quite small for planktotrophic larvae. Additional carefully controlled studies of aposematism in marine invertebrate larvae are also needed to determine if there is indeed a general pattern of chemical defenses in conspicuously colored larvae. 

Rumrill, S.S., Natural mortahty of marine invertebrate larvae, Ophelia, 32, 163, 1990. 

Several partially characterized inhibitors have been described from the marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas tunicata, isolated from the tunicate Ciona intestinalis. This bacterium produces a diversity of metabolites, each of which specifically inhibits the settlement of invertebrate larvae... 

Keough, M.J. and Raimondi, P.T., Responses of settling invertebrate larvae to bioorganic films effects of different types of films, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 185, 235, 1995. 

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