Metals immune response

Copper deficiency in humans and other mammals is characterized by slow growth, hair loss, anemia, weight loss, emaciation, edema, altered ratios of dietary copper to molybdenum and other metals, impaired immune response, decreased cytochrome oxidase activity, central nervous system histopathology, decreased phospholipid synthesis, fetal absorption, and eventually death (NAS 1977 Gallagher 1979 Kirchgessner et al. 1979 USEPA 1980 ATSDR 1990 Percival 1995). 

Ghanmi, Z., M. Rouabhia, O. Othmane, and P.A. Deschaux. 1989. Effects of metal ions on cyprinid fish immune response in vitro effects of Zn2+ and Mn2+ on the mitogenic response of carp pronephros lymphocytes. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 17 183-189... 

Mechanism of Action A heavy metal antagonist that chelates copper, iron, mercury, lead to form complexes, promoting excretion of copper. Combines with cystine-forming complex, thus reducing concentration of cystine to below levels for formation of cystine stones. Exact mechanism for rheumatoid arthritis is unknown. May decrease cell-mediated immune response. May inhibit collagen formation. Therapeutic Effect Promotes excretion of copper, prevents renal calculi, dissolves existing stones, acts as anti-inflammatory drug. 

Irritant dermatitis does not involve an immune response and is typically caused by contact with corrosive substances that exhibit extremes of pH, oxidizing capability, dehydrating action, or tendency to dissolve skin lipids. In extreme cases of exposure, skin cells are destroyed and a permanent scar results. This condition is known as a chemical burn. Exposure to concentrated sulfuric acid, which exhibits extreme acidity, or to concentrated nitric acid, which denatures skin protein, can cause bad chemical bums. The strong oxidant action of 30% hydrogen peroxide likewise causes a chemical bum. Other chemicals causing chemical bums include ammonia, quicklime (CaO), chlorine, ethylene oxide, hydrogen halides, methyl bromide, nitrogen oxides, elemental white phosporous, phenol, alkali metal hydroxides (NaOH, KOH), and toluene diisocyanate. 

ISO 10993 testing is intended to evaluate materials such as metals and polymers that essentially do not interact directly with the human immune system. However, the presence of an antibody on the device surface introduces the potential for cross-species reactions that may not be indicative of performance in humans. These interactions may affect some or all ISO 10993 in vivo tests. For example, the duration of chronic toxicity testing may be limited based on induction of immune responses or carcinogenicity studies may not be appropriate based on the specific product attributes of the antibody. 

An experimental model of metal-induced autoimmunity and nephropathy has been developed in the BN rat, which is genetically predisposed to develop Th2-type of immune response. In the BN rat, the injections of... 

Chemical antigens known to stimulate immune responses in humans include formaldehyde, Isocyanates, acrylates, metals, sulfites, and anhydrides. Table 4.7 lists a number of these compounds. 

Ghanmi, Z., M. Rouabhia, M. Alifuddin, D. Troutaud and P. Deschaux. Modulatory effect of metal ions on the immune response of fish in vivo and in vitro influence of MnCl2 on NK activity of carp pronephros cells. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 20 241-245, 1990. 

BIAGINI, R.E., BERNSTEIN, I.L., GALLAGHER, J.S., MOORMAN, W.J., BROOKS, S. GANN, P.H. (1985) The diversity of reaginic immune responses to platinum and palladium metallic salts. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 76, 794—802. 

LawrenceDA. 1981. Heavy metal modulation of lymphocyte activities. I./ vitro effects of heavy metals on primary humoral immune responses. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 57 439-451. 

Immune response Yes Metals, OCs. PAHs Proper functioning of immune system is critical to health, but system has considerable reserve... 

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