Antagonists heavy-metal

Schrauzer, G.N., Effects of selenium antagonists on cancer susceptibility New aspects of chronic heavy metal toxicity, J UOEH 9, 208, 1987. 

Klaassen C. D. (1996). Heavy metals and heavy-metal antagonists. Chapter in Hardman, J. G., Limbird, L. E., Molinoff, P. B., Ruddon, R. W. Gilman, A. G. (eds) Goodman Gilman s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th edn. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 1649-1671. 

Mechanism of Action A heavy metal antagonist that chelates copper, iron, mercury, lead to form complexes, promoting excretion of copper. Combines with cystine-forming complex, thus reducing concentration of cystine to below levels for formation of cystine stones. Exact mechanism for rheumatoid arthritis is unknown. May decrease cell-mediated immune response. May inhibit collagen formation. Therapeutic Effect Promotes excretion of copper, prevents renal calculi, dissolves existing stones, acts as anti-inflammatory drug. 

Klaassen CD. Heavy metals and heavy-metal antagonists. In HardmanJG, et al, eds. The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 10th ed. New York McGraw-Hill 2001. 

The initial species present, their relative concentrations, the induction of their enzymes, and their ability to acclimate once exposed to a chemical are likely to vary considerably, depending upon such environmental parameters as temperature, salinity, pH, oxygen concentration (aerobic or anaerobic), redox potential, concentration and nature of various substrates and nutrients, concentration of heavy metals (toxicity), and effects (synergistic and antagonistic) of associated microflora (Howard and Banerjee, 1984). Many of the parameters affect the biodegradation of chemicals in the environment as well as in biodegradation test systems used to simulate the environment. 

Indicates the pore space available for water and roots influenced by soil composition (mineral content, mineral type, and organic matter) and soil texture Affects adsorption of the chemical Affects the surface area where adsorption can take place Influences partitioning and availability of chemicals Affects ability of a soil to transmit water or air Dictates the porosity of the soil Affects the form, reactivity, solubility, availability, and toxicity of some contaminants Affects the toxicity of some substances (mainly heavy metals) with binding or antagonistic mechanisms, for example, by alkaline-earth metals and aluminum Organic matter content, type, and % carbon Influences soil sorption properties for heavy metals and... 

MRP6 (ABCC6) Liver, kidney Basolateral heavy metals (Cd), GSH, 6-mercaptopurine Enothelial receptor antagonist zaprinast, trequinsin, sildenafil... 

Edetate disodium, a heavy metal antagonist, is indicated in hypercalcemia (500 mg/kg daily by slow IV infusion) and in digitalis-induced cardiac arrhythmias (15 mg/kg/hour by IV infusion). Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) will lower serum levels of calcium, magnesium, and zinc. It should not be used in anuria, and renal excretory functions (BUN and creatinine) should be monitored carefully. EDTA should be used cautiously in hypokalemia and in patients with limited cardiac reserve. 

CHAPTER 65 Heavy Metals and Heavy-Metal Antagonists... 

Meyboom RHB (1975) Heavy metal antagonists. In Dukes MNG (ed) Meyler s side effects of drugs, 8. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam London New York, pp 529-542 Mihas AA, Goldenberg DJ, Slaughter RL (1978) Sulfasalazine toxic reactions. Hepatitis, fever and skin rash with hypocomplementemia and immune complexes. JAMA 239 2590-2591... 

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