Grain shape

Fig. 2. Effect of grain shape on surface exposed during burning of gun propellants. Cross section of grains are shown.

Smith, C.S. (1952, 1981) Grain shapes and other metallurgical applications of topology, in Metal Interfaces, ASM Seminar Report (American Society for Metals, Cleveland) p. 65. Grain shapes and other metallurgical applications of topology, in A Search for Structure, ed. Smith, C.S. (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA) p. 3. 

The importance of grain shape and the orientation of the applied stress to the short transverse direction has already been pointed out. Overageing also generally lowers strength and stress-corrosion susceptibility. Both the design and manufacture of components are important. Quenched components often have high internal tensile stresses and subsequent machining of such... 

Spent foundry sand is thought of as a beneficial substitute for fine sand for use in portland cement concrete. Prior to acceptance of inclusion, test standards applied on conventional fine sand shall be referred to as the standards for spent foundry sand to compare the physical properties of conventional sand and spent foundry sand. The most important parameters are particle size distribution, fineness modulus, dust content, density, organics content, deleterious materials content, and grain shape. Although no spent foundry sand satisfies all of the specifications, foundry sand can be blended with conventional sand to be incorporated into the concrete matrix. The replacing ratio normally starts at one-third. 

The dune sand generally consists of fine well-rounded grains shaped by the action of the wind. It is composed mostly of quartz with small percentages of soft calcareous shell fragments and gypsum pellets (12). 

C.S. Smith. Grain shapes and other metallurgical applications of topology. In A Search for Structure, pages 17-25, Cambridge, MA, 1981. MIT Press. 

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