Of metals salts

The metaphysical alchemist regards all occult descriptions of minerals and metals, of salts and solutions, of principles and processes, as simply so many figurative expressions for certain mental and spiritual states and conditions, while the physical alchemist sees nothing whatever in these vague, symbolic statements with which the books of the sages teem, beyond allusion to a certain hidden, or lost, art of chemistry. 

A reference to a metal of salt in a MS. apparently entitled Ars omnia of Roger Bacon, was supposed to refer to sodium, but this interpretation is imwarranted. ... 

The general characteristics of all these elements generally preclude their extraction by any method involving aqueous solution. For the lighter, less volatile metals (Li, Na, Be, Mg, Ca) electrolysis of a fused salt (usually the chloride), or of a mixture of salts, is used. The heavier, more volatile metals in each group can all be similarly obtained by electrolysis, but it is usually more convenient to take advantage of their volatility and obtain them from their oxides or chlorides by displacement, i.e. by general reactions such as... 

As with other metals of the alkali group, it decomposes in water with the evolution of hydrogen. It catches fire spontaneously on water. Potassium and its salts impart a violet color to flames. 

Because Pd(II) salts, like Hgtll) salts, can effect electrophilic metallation of the indole ring at C3, it is also possible to carry out vinylation on indoles without 3-substituents. These reactions usually require the use of an equiv. of the Pd(ll) salt and also a Cu(If) or Ag(I) salt to effect reoxidation of the Pd. As in the standard Heck conditions, an EW substitution on the indole nitrogen is usually necessary. Entry 8 of Table 11.3 is an interesting example. The oxidative vinylation was achieved in 87% yield by using one equiv. of PdfOAcfj and one equiv. of chloranil as a co-oxidant. This example is also noteworthy in that the 4-broino substituent was unreactive under these conditions. Part B of Table 11.3 lists some other representative procedures. 

All the early literature concerning thiazoles mentions numerous metallic complex-salts formed by addition to the thiazole of the aqueous solution of the metal salt and that could be used for identification purposes. The most usual complexes so obtained are platinum double salts, for example, (4-methylthiazole HC1)2 PtCU (m.p. deep 204°C) (25), or mercuric chloride derivatives, for example, 2,4-dimethyl-thiazole 2 HgCl (m.p. deep 176-177°C) (458). 

Three forms of caustic soda are produced to meet customer needs purified diaphragm caustic (50% Rayon grade), 73% caustic, and anhydrous caustic. Regular 50% caustic from the diaphragm cell process is suitable for most appHcations and accounts for about 85% of the NaOH consumed in the United States. However, it caimot be used in operations such as the manufacture of rayon, the synthesis of alkyl aryl sulfonates, or the production of anhydrous caustic because of the presence of salt, sodium chlorate, and heavy metals. Membrane and mercury cell caustic, on the other hand, is of superior quaUty and... 

Enolate Initiators. In principle, ester enolate anions should represent the ideal initiators for anionic polymeri2ation of alkyl methacrylates. Although general procedures have been developed for the preparation of a variety of alkaU metal enolate salts, many of these compounds are unstable except at low temperatures (67,102,103). Usehil initiating systems for acrylate polymeri2ation have been prepared from complexes of ester enolates with alkak metal alkoxides (104,105). 

Alkali or alkaline-earth salts of both complexes are soluble in water (except for Ba2[Fe(CN)g]) but are insoluble in alcohol. The salts of hexakiscyanoferrate(4—) are yellow and those of hexakiscyanoferrate(3—) are mby red. A large variety of complexes arise when one or more cations of the alkah or alkaline-earth salts is replaced by a complex cation, a representative metal, or a transition metal. Many salts have commercial appHcations, although the majority of industrial production of iron cyanide complexes is of iron blues such as Pmssian Blue, used as pigments (see Pigments, inorganic). Many transition-metal salts of [Fe(CN)g] have characteristic colors. Addition of [Fe(CN)g] to an unknown metal salt solution has been used as a quaUtative test for those transition metals. 

The density of the alkaU metal permanganate salts increases with the atomic number of the Group 1 (IA) cation, whereas the corresponding aqueous solubihty decreases (106). At room temperature aqueous solubiUty decreases from about 900 g/L for NaMnO to 60 g/L for KMnO, and to 2.5 g/L for CsMnO. The solubihty of potassium permanganate in water as a function of temperature is as follows ... 

Nitric acid is a strong monobasic acid, a powerful oxidising agent, and nitrates many organic compounds. Until the end of the nineteenth century, it was made by heating a metallic nitrate salt with less volatile concentrated sulfuric acid. Removal of the volatile nitric acid permits the reaction to go to completion. This method is still used for laboratory preparation of the acid. 

The combination of oxidi2ing effect, acidic strength, and high solubiHty of salts makes perchloric acid a valuable analytical reagent. It is often employed in studies where the absence of complex ions must be ensured. The value of wet ashing techniques, in which perchloric acid is used to destroy organics prior to elemental analysis for the determination of trace metals in organics, has been well estabHshed (see Trace and residue analysis). 

Peroxohydrates are usually made by simple crystallization from solutions of salts or other compounds in aqueous hydrogen peroxide. They are fairly stable under ambient conditions, but traces of transition metals catalyze the Hberation of oxygen from the hydrogen peroxide. Early work on peroxohydrates has been reviewed (92). 

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