Metabolism neural regulation

Belmadani A, Tran PB, Ren D, Miller RJ (2006) Chemokines regulate the migration of neural progenitors to sites of neuroinflammation. J Neurosci 26 3182-3191 Bensinger SJ, Tontonoz P (2008) Integration of metabolism and inflammation by lipid activated nuclear receptors. Nature 454 470-477... 

Magistretti,P.J.,Olivier,S.,Naichen,Y.etflI.Neurotransmitters regulate energy metabolism in astrocytes Implications for the metabolic trafficking between neural cells. Dev. Neurosci. 15 306-312,1994. 

Some of the main types of cellular regulation associated with rhythmic behavior are listed in Table III. Regulation of ion channels gives rise to the periodic variation of the membrane potential in nerve and cardiac cells [27, 28 for a recent review of neural rhythms see, for example, Ref. 29]. Regulation of enzyme activity is associated with metabolic oscillations, such as those that occur in glycolysis in yeast and muscle cells. Calcium oscillations originate... 

Cholesterol is present in all animal tissues, and particularly in neural tissue. It is a major constituent of cellular membranes, in which it regulates fluidity (see p. 216). The storage and transport forms of cholesterol are its esters with fatty acids. In lipoproteins, cholesterol and its fatty acid esters are associated with other lipids (see p.278). Cholesterol is a constituent of the bile and is therefore found in many gallstones. Its biosynthesis, metabolism, and transport are discussed elsewhere (see pp. 172, 312). 

Minerals include sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, sulphur, cobalt and chlorine trace minerals include iron, zinc, copper, selenium, iodine, fluorine and chromium. Their roles may be generalised within the areas of providing structure in the formation of bones and teeth, maintenance of normal heart rhythm, muscle contractility, neural conductivity, acid-base balance and the regulation of cellular metabolism through their activ-ity/structural associations with enzymes and hormones. The daily requirements of minerals can be obtained from a well-balanced diet. 

CALCIUM The most abundant of the body s minerals an important component of bones and teeth important participant in regulation of many metabolic processes. When bound to the regulatory protein calmodulin, calcium helps modulate the activities of many enzymes. Calcium is important for blood clotting, neural and muscular activity, cell motility, hormone actions, and other activities. 

The duodenum and jejunum are capable of both absorption and secretion but absorption usually predominates. Regulation of intestinal secretion and absorption is highly complex and involves extrinsic and intrinsic neural stimuli, numerous receptor types and intercellular and intracellular transport pathways. Intracellular pathways of electrolyte transport involve membrane-associated receptors that activate cyclic nucleotide metabolism, membrane calcium channels and intracellular calcium metabolism, luminal and basal chloride channels and multiple sodium transport channels. Cholinergic stimuli tend to stimulate intestinal... 

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