Energy metabolism regulation

G. Fruhbeck, J. Gomez-Ambrosi, F.J. Muruzabal, and M.A. Burrell, The adipocyte a model for integration of endocrine and metabolic signaling in energy metabolism regulation. Am, J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab., 2001, 280, 827-847. 

Mitochondria, as an energy metabolism regulator, play one of the basic roles in the organism response to the action of stressors. About 1 to 3% of oxygen consumed by mitochondria form, as a result of 1-electron reduction, reactive oxygen species (ROS), which participate in the cellular redox-signaling. 

The uncoupling proteins (UCPs) are located in the inner mitochondrial membrane and are involved in different processes, such as energy metabolism regulation, body weight control, and glucose level control (Echtay, 2007). 

Nearly all biological processes involve the specialized functions of one or more protein molecules. Proteins function to produce other proteins, control all aspects of cellular metabolism, regulate the movement of various molecular and ionic species across membranes, convert and store cellular energy, and carry out many other activities. Essentially all of the information required to initiate, conduct, and regulate each of these functions must be contained in... 

Atkinson, D. E., 1977. Cellular Energy Metabolism and Its Regulation. New York Academic Press. 

Atkinson, D.E. (1977). In Cellular Energy Metabolism and its Regulation. Academic Press, New York. Babcock, G.T. Wikstrom, M. (1992). Oxygen activation and the conservation of energy in cell respiration. Nature 356, 301-309. 

Energy metabolism by regulating food intake, digestion, and metabolic rate... 

Magistretti,P.J.,Olivier,S.,Naichen,Y.etflI.Neurotransmitters regulate energy metabolism in astrocytes Implications for the metabolic trafficking between neural cells. Dev. Neurosci. 15 306-312,1994. 

McKenna, M. C., Tildon, J. T., Stevenson, J. H. Jr etal. Regulation of energy metabolism in synaptic terminals and cultured rat brain astrocytes differences revealed using aminooxyacetate. Dev. Neurosci. 15 320-329,1993. 

M. J. Achs and D. Garfinkel, Computer simulation of energy metabolism in anoxic perfused rat heart. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 232, R164 R174 (1977). 

E. E. Selkov, Stabilization of energy charge, generation of oscillation and multiple steady states in energy metabolism as a result of purely stoichiometric regulation. Eur. J. Biochem. 59, 151 157 (1975). 

As the power house of the cell, the mitochondrion is essential for energy metabolism. As the motor of cell death (1), this organelle is central to the initiation and regulation of apoptosis. In addition, mitochondria are critically involved in the modulation of intracellular calcium concentration and the mitochondrial respiratory chain is the major source of damaging reactive oxygen species. Mitochondria also play a crucial role in numerous catabolic and anabolic cellular pathways. 

The next part presents the reactions involved in the interconversion of these compounds—the part of biochemistry that is commonly referred to as metabolism (pp. 88-195). The section starts with a discussion of the enzymes and coenzymes, and discusses the mechanisms of metabolic regulation and the so-called energy metabolism. After this, the central metabolic pathways are presented, once again arranged according to the class of metabolite (pp. 150-195). 

Using the transport systems in the membranes, cells regulate their volume, internal pH value, and ionic environment. They concentrate metabolites that are important for energy metabolism and biosynthesis, and exclude toxic substances. Transport systems also serve to establish ion gradients, which are required for oxidative phosphorylation and stimulation of muscle and nerve cells, for example (see p. 350). 

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