Metabolic pathway vectors

The genes corresponding to the enzymes involved in conversion of benzothiophene from the claimed organisms as well as the vectors carrying the genes were protected in the patent. The details of the metabolic pathway were given in Section 2.2.3, the proposed metabolic pathway is shown here for completion purposes (Fig. 2). 

A number of different methods for stable or transient genetic transformation of plants or plant cells have been developed [13-15]. These comprise particle bombardment, Agro actermm-mediated transformation, floral dip transformation, agrodrench, viral vectors, protoplast transformation and ultrasound. These are the main techniques for the genetic transformation of plants, and many of them have also been applied for the transformation of secondary metabolite pathways in an attempt to alter the metabolic pathways of target... 

The basic assumptions made in order to model the impacts of toxicants on the competitive interactions discussed above are (1) the toxicant affects the metabolic pathways used in the consumption of a resource and (2) this alteration of the metabolism affects the growth rate vs. resource curve. In terms of resource competition, the consumption vector is changed, and the shape and placement of the ZNGI is altered. In the following discussions the implications of these changes on examples using essential resources are depicted. 

Muller, S. and Regensburger, G. (2016) Elementary vectors and conformal sums in polyhedral geometry and applications in metabolic pathway... 

A major drawback in the use of the traditional recombinant DNA techniques is the inability to insert foreign DNA in vivo. This problem has been addressed through the development of viral gene delivery techniques. In these approaches, viral-based vectors are used (retrovirus, adenovirus, adeno associated virus, etc.), which are able to infect targeted cells, and stably insert foreign DNA into the cells. This has tremendous advantages in that it can be used in vivo, and it is especially well suited to the correction of inborn errors of metabolism. As the safety and efficacy of these approaches are improved, it is quite likely that it will be possible to use this approach to manipulate other valuable metabolic pathways [31]. 

Further work at EniTecnologies was conducted with Rhodococcus strains. Rhodococ-cus was selected for its metabolical versatility, easy availability in soils and water, and remarkable solvent tolerance. Its capabilities for catalyzing diverse transformation reactions of crude oils, such as sulfur removal, alkanes and aromatics oxidation and catabolism caught their attention. Hence, genetic tools for the engineering of Rhodococcus strains have been applied to improve its biotransformation performance and its tolerance to certain common contaminants of the crude oil, such as cadmium. The development of active biomolecules led to the isolation and characterization of plasmid vectors and promoters. Strains have been constructed in which the careful over-expression of selected components of the desulfurization pathway leads to the enhancement of the sulfur removal activity in model systems. Rhodococcus, Gordona, and Nocardia were transformed in this way trying to improve their catalytic performance in BDS. In a... 

Aiming at a network-based pathway analysis, the elementary flux modes provide a handle on the set of possible pathways through a metabolic network. In particular, each feasible steady-state flux distribution can be represented by a nonnegative combination of generating vectors that span the flux cone defined... 

In contrast, SKM does not assume knowledge of thespecific functional form of the rate equations. Rather, the system is evaluated in terms of generalized parameters, specified by the elements of the matrices A and 0X. In this sense, the matrices A and 0 x are bona fide parameters of the system The pathway is described in terms ofan average metabolite concentration S°, and a steady-state flux vector v°, together defining the metabolic state of the pathway. Additionally, we assume that the substrate only affects reaction v2, the saturation matrix is thus fully specified by a single parameter Of 6 [0,1], Note that the number of parameters is identical to the number used within the explicit equation. The structure of the parameter matrices is... 

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