Metabolic glycolysis

As far as I can judge, all primitive cells had a basic reducing cell metabolism glycolysis, a citric acid cycle or its reverse, amino acid and base synthesis, while all maintained high K+, low Na+ and Cl-, moderate Mg2+, and very low Ca2+ (see Figure 2.3) by input and output pumps. Chemical... 

Fig. 2.2 A. Chemical structure of the three types of lignin monomer units H, p-hydroxyphenyl- G, guaiacyl and S, syringyl. Note the methyl groups (boxed) in the methoxy moieties of the G and S monomers. B. Pie chart showing the proportions of pine xylem ESTs that putatively encode enzymes of Ci metabolism, glycolysis, and the TCA cycle.

Carbohydrate Metabolism Glycolysis/ Gluconeogenesis Citrate cycle (TCA cycle)... 

The process of glycolysis is without a doubt the single most ubiquitous pathway in all energy metabolism. Glycolysis can be characterized as a nearly universal process because it occurs in almost every living cell. It can occur in the ab-... 

Glycolysis involves the breakdown of energy-storage polysaccharides or glucose to the 3-carbon acid, pyruvate. Its function is to produce energy in the form of ATP and 3-carbon intermediates for further metabolism. Glycolysis occurs under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. 

Chapter 12 A single cohesive chapter on all major aspects of glucose metabolism—glycolysis, gluconeo-genesis, and regulation. 

Fig. 8.1 Glucose metabolism in coupled neuron and astrocyte system. ATP is produced via oxidative energy metabolism (glycolysis, TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation) in neurons and in astrocytes. Na+ entry during electrical activity initiates increased oxidative energy metabolism within neurons. The activation of neuronal Na+-K+ ATPase in the plasma membrane leads to reduced levels of ATP, which rapidly activates glycolysis. This process requires an elevated glucose level, which is transported via the neuronal glucose transporter (GT). The generated ATP can restore the Na+/K+ balance via Na+-K+ ATPase. The rapid increase of glycolysis results in increased NADH/NAD+ and increased cytoplasmic pyruvate. In astrocytes,...

In the erythrocyte, glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, and the metabolism of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (Chapter 28) are the predominant pathways of carbohydrate metabolism. Glycolysis supplies ATP for membrane ion pumps and NADH for reoxidation of methemoglobin. The pentose phosphate pathway supplies NADPH to... 

Carbohydrate Metabolism Glycolysis and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway. 

Triose-phcfiphate isomerase (TIM) (EC 5.3.1.1) and phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) (EC 2.7.2.3) are two ubiquitous enzymes in the major pathways of carbohydrate metabolism (glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and pentose phosphate pathway), catalyzing the interconversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate and D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, and the phospho-group transfer between... 

In the following pages we will describe the role of servomechanisms in modulating the activity of three key pathways of mammalian metabolism glycolysis, fatty acid synthesis, and cholesterol synthesis. The regulation of each sequence depends upon a constant flow of information to key enzymes and receptors. A defect of function of any single component could be a cause of disease. 

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