Mesodermic differentiation capacity

Source of MSC Frequency of CFU-F at the isolation Proliferation capacity Senescence Mesodermic differentiation capacity Differentiation towards other lineages Ref. 

Cord blood has long been used as a source of MSCs for bone marrow transplantation. The stem cell compartment is more abundant and less mature in cord blood than in bone marrow. Moreover, MSCs in cord blood have a higher proliferative potential because of their extended lifespan and longer telomeres [91-94]. Not only can cord-blood MSCs be harvested without morbidity to the donor, but they also display a robust in vitro capacity for directable or spontaneous differentiation into mesodermal, endodermal, and ectodermal cell fates. Cord-blood MSCs are CD45 and HLA-II and can be expanded without losing their pluripotency. Therefore, cord blood is also undergoing preclinical evaluation as a possible easily accessible source of multipotent cells. 

Multipotent Adult Progenitor Cells (MAPCs) MAPCs are bone marrow-derived stem cells with an extensive in vitro expansion ability, more than 80 population doublings, as well as a capacity to differentiate in vivo and in vitro into tissue cells of all three germinal layers ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. These cells have been isolated from three different species, including mouse, rat, and human [27]. 

BMPs were originally noted for their capacity to induce ectopic bone formation however, multiple relations to the HSC system have been described and they play a critical role in the formation and patterning of mesoderm in the embryo, the commitment of embryonic mesodermal cells to a hematopoietic fate, and in blood island formation in the yolk sac (Marshall et al. 2000 Snyder et al. 2004). Additionally, BMP4 is secreted by pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells in response to hypoxia (Frank et al. 2005), and in differentiating ESC cultures hypoxia upregulates the mesodermal markers brachyury, BMP4, and Flkl (Ramirez-Bergeron et al. 2004). 

---