Merged problem

For the phase separation problem, the maximum and minima in Fig. 8.2b and the inflection points between them must also merge into a common point at the critical temperature for the two-phase region. This is the mathematical criterion for the smoothing out of wiggles, as the critical point was described above. 

The graph brings up a problem for chemists seeking to define atomic and molecular size. The electron cloud lacks a clear boundary. While electron density decays rapidly with distance from the nucleus, nowhere does it fall to zero. Therefore, when atoms and molecules rub up against each other , their electron clouds overlap and merge to a small extent. 

This brings to mind another common problem. SOPs must be readily available in areas where GLP work is conducted. Protocols also must be accessible. Even when these documents exist only in electronic form, they must still be available, especially in the laboratory and study rooms. This means that computer systems that contain these documents must be available in the laboratory and study rooms and that all personnel who conduct work according to these SOPs must have access. The same is true for protocols and protocol changes. In cases where a merged system exists, i.e., both paper and electronic media are simultaneously in use, it is perfectly acceptable that only the electronic form is available in the laboratory areas while electronic or paper documents are available in offices. The only caveat is that a process must be in place to ensure the equivalency of the electronic and paper media. 

Another common problem is the failure to understand that, when using a merged system (some combination of paper and electronic records), both are the real SOPs, protocols, etc. As SOPs and protocols are transferred from paper to electronic media, frequently a signed, hard copy and an approved electronic version of the same document are maintained. Users of merged systems must remember that one must be able to demonstrate that the paper and electronic versions of an SOP, protocol, etc., are exactly the same. For example, if the SOP is signed on a certain date, the electronic version must also indicate that approval occurred on the same date. This means that a procedure (i.e., SOP) for ensuring document equivalency must be available and followed. 

The problem is that the regular-trial adverse events database and the serious adverse events database do not join well if at all programmatically. You can attempt to join or merge the two databases by event start date and coded term, and that will join many regular-trial adverse events to the serious events. However, this is far from foolproof, because of mismatches in adverse event start dates and because the adverse events may have been coded slightly differently in the two systems. The best way to link the serious adverse events and adverse events databases is to have the clinical data management system create a linking variable key for you. In lieu of that, the only way to reliably link the two data sources is manually. 

Meanwhile, in 1926, the BASF had been merged with other large German chemical industries into the I. G. Farbenindustrie. Meyer became a member of the board of directors. More and more of his time was consumed by problems of development and organization, with less and less time left for research. Because of the strain of these responsibilities, and the political situation with its restraint on freedom of research in universities and... 

An alternative procedure to effect elimination resolves this problem. Opening the oxaspiropentane 26 with selenide anion in a non-protic solvent effects a direct elimination via a merged substitution — elimination mechanism to give the vinyl-... 

As alluded to at the beginning of this section, traditional Minnesota-model treatment merges the disease model with the spiritual model. Since within this model the disease has no known cure, a spiritual solution has taken on importance. Because of this, disease-model counselors refer people to 12-step support groups for continued recovery. Some treatment centers even have spiritual counselors who work with clients on spiritually related goals listed in the treatment plan. This arrangement provides a great service to the many people with drug problems who have spiritual doubts or problems. However, it has been my experience that not everyone who enters treatment feels he or she has a spiritual problem. 

Frantz, S. (2006) Pipeline problems are increasing the urge to merge. Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery, 5, 977-979. Owens, J. (2007) 2006 drug approvals finding the niche. Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery, 6, 99-101. 

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