Menses

The difficulty, of course, was that electrons cannot be focused by a glass lens, and it was necessary to use either magnetic or electrostatic Menses . A German, Hans Busch, in 1926/27 published some seminal papers on the analogy between the effect... 

Monats-bericht, m. monthly report, -fluss, m. menses, menstruation, -heft, n. monthly part or number, -schrift,/. monthly publication. 

Heavy menses, may be unable to conceive, loss of fetus possible Low sperm count... 

Myxedema is a severe hypothyroidism manifested by lethargy, apathy, memory impairment, emotional changes, slow speech, deep coarse voice, thick dry skin, cold intolerance, slow pulse, constipation, weight gain, and absence of menses. 

The patient is reexamined shortly after the first menses after insertion or within the first 3 months and at any time the patient exhibits symptoms. 

EF is a 45-year-old woman who presents to the dermatologist for evaluation of facial acne. She has a history of a 25 lb (11.36 kg) weight gain, irregular menses, and frequent vaginal yeast infections over the past 2 years. She complains of increased facial hair growth and lower extremity muscle weakness. Physical examination reveals facial acne, facial hirsutism, truncal obesity, thin skin, and purple abdominal striae. Her past medical history is significant for hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, and rheumatoid arthritis. 

First trimester Menstrual spotting, missed menses, fatigue, breast tenderness, increased urination, mood swings, nau-sea/vomiting, headache, heartburn, constipation Second trimester Frequent urination, heartburn, constipation, dry skin, edema, linea nigra, melasma Third trimester Backache, edema, shortness of breath Routine Pregnancy Visits... 

Intrauterine pregnancy, ectopic pregnancy, and miscarriage must be at the top of the differential diagnosis list for any woman presenting with heavy menses. 

Amenorrhea traditionally is described as either primary or secondary in nature. Primary amenorrhea is the absence of menses by age 16 in the presence of normal secondary sexual development or the absence of menses by age 14 in the absence of normal secondary sexual development. Secondary amenorrhea is the absence of menses for three cycles or 6 months in a previously menstruating woman. However, in clinical practice, there is a significant amount of overlap. The initial evaluation of amenorrhea is often the same regardless of age of onset, except in unusual clinical situations.1... 

Table 46-1 illustrates the pathophysiology of amenorrhea relative to the organ system(s) involved, as well as the specific condition that results in amenorrhea. Amenorrhea is also a normal side effect that may result from the use of low-dose oral contraceptives (OCs), extended-cycle OC pill use, or depot medroxyprogesterone acetate use.5 Many women may experience delayed return of menses after discontinuation of OCs. Postpill amenorrhea usually is a self-limited condition. Further evaluation for other unrecognized conditions, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), should be considered if spontaneous resolution of the amenorrhea does not occur within 3 to 6 months following discontinuation of the OCs.6,7... 

The traditional definition of menorrhagia is a menstrual blood loss of greater than 80 mL per cycle. This definition has been questioned for several reasons, including difficulty with quantifying menstrual blood loss in clinical practice. Many women with heavy menses but blood loss of less than 80 mL will merit consideration for treatment because of problems with containment of flow, unpredictable heavy flow days, and other associated symptoms.8,9... 

Cessation of menses for longer than 6 months in women with established menstruation, or absence of menses by age 1 6 in the presence of normal secondary sexual development, or absence of menses by age 14 in the absence of normal secondary sexual development... 

Dysmenorrhea is commonly defined as crampy pelvic pain occurring with or just prior to menses. Primary dysmenorrhea implies pain in the setting of normal pelvic anatomy and physiology, whereas secondary dysmenorrhea is associated with underlying pelvic pathology.17... 

Complaints of crampy pelvic pain beginning shortly before or at the onset of menses. Symptoms typically last from 1 to 3 days. 

Rates of dysmenorrhea range from 20% to 90%.17-19 Dysmenorrhea can be associated with significant interference in attendance at work and school. Risk factors for dysmenorrhea include young age, heavy menses, and nulliparity.17... 

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a constellation of symptoms including mild mood disturbance and physical symptoms that occur prior to menses and resolve with initiation of menses. It is estimated that up to 70% of menstruating women experience symptoms of PMS. However, a spectrum of premenstrual mood disturbances exists and the most severe is premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). Approximately 4% to 7% of women have PMDD. A summary of the American Psychiatric Association s criteria for PMDD is as follows1,21 ... 

Symptoms are temporally associated with the last week of the luteal phase and remit with onset of menses. 

If hyperprolactinemia is identified as the cause of amenorrhea, the use of bromocriptine, a dopamine agonist, results in a reduction in prolactin concentrations and the resumption of menses. 

Depo-med roxyprogesterone acetate 150 mg intramuscularly every 12 weeks Irregular menses, amenorrhea... 

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