Membrane, schematic view

FIGURE 4.6 Schematic view of the equilibria between sample, ion-selective membrane, and inner filling solution for three important classes of solvent polymeric ion-selective membranes. Top electrically neutral carrier (L) and lipophilic cation exchanger (R ) center charged carrier (L-) and anion exchanger (R+) and bottom cation exchanger (R-). 

Figure 10. Schematic view of the uptake of ferric siderophores by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Please note that the murein (peptidoglycan) network associated with the cytoplasmic membrane is not shown. For details see text...

Fig. 18a.6. Photograph of a commercial La3F selective electrode with expanded schematic view of the solid-state sensing membrane.

A schematic view of the microhotplate with transistor heater is shown in Fig. 4.17 [125]. In order to ensure a good thermal insulation, only the dielectric layers of the CMOS process form the membrane. The inner section of the membrane includes an... 

If we focus on the mammalian cell, we have the plasma membrane, which encompasses the cell and separates what is inside from what is outside. We also find the membranes that isolate the nucleus, the mitochondria, the lysosomes, and other intracellular organelles from the cytoplasm. AU of these membranes have their own peculiarities and distinctions. However, it is not my purpose to make a catalog of known membrane types but to provide insights into the structural and functional features that are common to many membrane types. Since we need something specific to talk about, let s focus on the plasma membrane of mammalian cells. A schematic view of such a membrane is provided in figure 19.1. 

Figure 2. Schematic view of reverse osmosis test loop (I) hollow fiber membrane (2) pressure vessel (3) feed water (4) filter (5) pressure pump (6) relief valve.

Figure 23-18 Schematic view of photosynthetic reaction centers and the cytochrome //complex embedded in a thylakoid membrane. Plastocyanin (or cytochrome c6 in some algae and cyanobacteria) carries electrons to the PSI core.

Figure 10.6 Schematic view of a membrane distillation design based on multieffect distillation technology.

FIGURE 4.24 Schematic view of the mechanical actuation of the PDMS membrane on the sample reservoir for pressure pulse injection [314], Reprinted with permission from the American Chemical Society. 

Fig. 1.5 Schematic view of the two-compartment electrochemical flow cell. R reservoirs, P pumps, E electrochemical cell with membrane, W heat exchangers, F gas flow controllers...

A state-of-the-art PEMFC and steady-state current-potential measurements are illustrated in Figure 3.18, which shows a schematic view of the PEMFC geometry, the basic electric circuit of the membrane electrode assembly and the gas diffusion layers at both anode and cathode. 

Fig. 1. Schematic view of an enzyme sensor a, transducer b, biocatalyst layer c, permselective membrane d, soludon.

Figure 3.48 Exploded schematic view of a flow-cell FPW liquid sensor. The silicon chip containing die thin silicon-nitride membrane, piezoelectric film and transducers is sandwiched between two etched silicon chips. The upper chip is a cap with fluid inlet and outlet fittings, b also provides vias for contact to a temperature-sensing polysilicon resistor deposited on the FPW chip below it. The lower chip introduces transducer contact leads and protects the underside of the membrane fitm contact with the fluid. (Hgwc courtesy of Beo Costello, Bokeley Microliulratitents, Inc.)...

Figure 1.8 Schematic view of the ecological roles of plant SM. Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea) produces cardiac glycosides, which are very toxic to animals (vertebrates, insects) because they inhibit Na+, K -ATPase, one of the most important transporters in animal cells. Cardiac glycosides are additionally toxic to microbes because the molecules have detergent properties and disturb membrane fluidity. (See Plate 7 in colour plate section.)...

Figure 12.1 is a schematic view of a typical PEM fuel cell. A membrane electrode assembly (MEA) usually refers to a five-layer structure that includes an anode gas diffusion layer (GDL), an anode electrode layer, a membrane electrolyte, a cathode electrode layer, and a cathode GDL. Most recently, several MEA manufacturers started to include a set of membrane subgaskets as a part of their MEA packages. This is often referred to as a seven-layer MEA. In addition to acting as a gas and... 

Figl Structural features of the mesoporous alumina membranes Schematic cross section (before removal of A1 backing) and schematic top view, together with an atomic force microscope AFM (Voltage) image for a membrane produced by anodisation at 40 V. 

Fig. 7. A schematic view of Nafion membrane showing the microheterogeneous environment. A hydrophobic fluorocarbon phase B hydrophilic sulfonate ionic clusters C interfacial region formed between A and B and Ru adsorbed ruthenium complex water oxidation catalyst...

Figure 12.35. Cell Membranes of Prokaryotes. A schematic view of the membrane in bacterial cells surrounded by (A) two membranes or (B) one membrane.

FIGURE 33.9 Schematic view of hollow fiber membrane contactor operated in recycling mode for U(VI) recovery from aqueous acidic waste (1) HFC module, (2) feed, (3) extractant, and (4) peristaltic pumps. 

Figure 8.3 shows a highly schematized view of the activation cascade for the alternative complement pathway upon a microbial membrane surface. The activation steps in the alternative pathway are also shown in Fig. 8.7, which contrasts with the activation steps in the classical complement pathway involving antibody. 

Fig. 12.24. Schematic view of electro-ultrafiltration using conductive inorganic membranes.

Fig. 2 A schematic view of xenobiotic metabolism. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) and other hepatic enzymes such as epoxide hydrolase (EH), conjugating enzymes, UDP glucuronyl transferase (UGT), sulphotransferase (SULT), or glutathione S-transferase (GST) are important in metabolic handling of xenobiotics. The enzymes depend on molecular oxygen and NADPH (CYP), UDPG (UGT), PAPS (SULT), and reduced glutathione (GSH) (GST). The cellular membrane has many transporters, OATS, ABC transporters, and OCTS, which are important for the transmembrane flux of many xenobiotics including the products of the conjugating enzymes...

This advantage can be used for growing nanowires (wires with nanometric diameter). Nanoporous membranes that can be fabricated by the anodic oxidation of aluminum are appropriate templates. This process leads to the formation of an alumina layer with parallel nanopores, as shown in Fig. 15A, which can then be filled by electrodeposition. Fig. 15B shows a schematic view of a multilayer nanowire and Fig.l5C a transmission electron microscopy image of a Cu/ CuCoNi layered nanowire grown in the nanopores. 

Fig. 5 Schematic of electrodialysis showing the electrodes and membrane stack. (View this art in color at www.dekker.com.)...

Fig. 4.24. Schematic view of a cross-section of the TEM membrane window showing both the membrane, the oxidized top surface of the membrane, and the Si support with the pyramidal etch along the (111) direction. Nanoparticles can be place over the entire substrate (5.76 mm ), as shown...

Figure 4.5 Schematic view of the membrane evaporation (ME) process.

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