Medicine use

Tartar emetic, as its name indicates, can be used medicinally to cause vomiting. For the preparation of tartar emetic intended for medicinal use, pure antimony trioxide, free (in particular) from traces of arsenic, must of course be employed. 

The 3—6% H2O2 solutions for cosmetic and medicinal use are obtained by diluting a more concentrated grade, usually with the addition of extra stabilizer. The 3% grade has a USP specification (131) (see Cosmetics). 

Mercuric chloride is widely used for the preparation of red and yellow mercuric oxide, ammoniated mercury/7(9/USP, mercuric iodide, and as an intermediate in organic synthesis. It has been used as a component of agricultural fungicides. It is used in conjunction with sodium chloride in photography (qv) and in batteries (qv), and has some medicinal uses as an antiseptic. 

Mercuric Bromide. Mercuric hi.omide[7789-94-7] HgBr2 is a white crystalline powder, considerably less stable than the chloride, and also much less soluble in water (0.6% at 25°C). Therefore, it is prepared easily by precipitation, using mercuric nitrate and sodium bromide solution. Drying of the washed compound is carried out below 75°C. Mercuric bromide has a few medicinal uses. 

The use of petroleum or derived materials, such as asphalt, and the heavier nonvolatile cmde oils is an old art (2). In fact, petroleum utilization has been documented for more than five thousand years. The earliest documented uses occurred in Mesopotamia (ancient Iraq) when it was recognized that the nonvolatile derivatives (bitumen or natural asphalt and manufactured asphalt) could be used for caulking and as an adhesive for jewelry or as a mastic for constmction purposes. There is also documented use of bitumen for medicinal use. 

Medical Usage. Isopropyl alcohol is also used as an antiseptic and disinfectant for home, hospital, and industry (see Disinfectants and antiseptics). It is about twice as effective as ethyl alcohol in these appHcations (153,154). Rubbing alcohol, a popular 70 vol % isopropyl alcohol-in-water mixture, exemplifies the medicinal use of isopropyl alcohol. Other examples include 30 vol % isopropyl alcohol solutions for medicinal liniments, tinctures of green soap, scalp tonics, and tincture of mercurophen. It is contained in pharmaceuticals, eg, local anesthetics, tincture of iodine, and bathing solutions for surgical sutures and dressings. Over 200 uses of isopropyl alcohol have been tabulated (2). 

Silver compounds, available from commercial suppHers, are expensive. Reagent grades of sHver(I) carbonate, cyanide, diethjldithiocarbamate, iodate, nitrate, oxide, phosphate, and sulfate are available. Standardized solutions of silver nitrate are also available for analytical uses. Purified grades of sHver(I) acetate, bromide, cyanide, and iodide can be purchased silver nitrate is also made as a USP XX grade for medicinal uses (6). 

Carbarsone (Amebarsone) was once widely used for the treatment of intestinal amebiasis. Like other arsonic acids, however, carbarsone may cause skin rashes and even damage to the vision. Although it is stiU available for medicinal use, it is really obsolete as an amebicide because less toxic and more effective nonarsenicals are now available (174). 

In medicine, the internal uses of benzoic acid are relatively unimportant. Its principal medicinal use is external it is used in dermatology as an antiseptic stimulant and irritant. Combined with salicyLic acid [69-72-7] benzoic acid is employed in the treatment of ringworm of the scalp and other skin diseases (Whitfield s ointment). 

Flumequine is a representative of fluoroquinolones which are high-effective antimicrobial medicines used as fodder supplements in cattle-breeding. This causes the necessity in effective testing techniques to detenuine the content of flumequine in meat products. Fluorimetric determination based on sensitized luminescence of fluoroquinolone chelates with lanthanides is a promising one. The literature lacks information of flumequine detemiination with the aid of sensitized fluorescence. 

Y. Debuf, The Veterinary Formulary Handbook of Medicines Used in Veterinary Practice, The Pharmaceutical Press, London, 2nd edn., 1994. 

Besides the medicinally used herbal mixtures, there arc also the so-called household teas which are preferred by people who are sensitive to coffee or who do not wish to drink a caffeine-containing beverage on a regular basis. Household teas are made up from drugs which, apart from small amounts of tannins, have only aroma substances and possibly also plant acids bramble leaves, raspberry leaves, hibiscus flowers, hips and haws, and apple skins arc frequent components of such teas [4]. 

In the general area of medicine uses range from spare-part surgery, such as hip joints and heart valves, through catheters, injection syringes and other sterilisable equipment, to more mundane but nevertheless desirable uses such as quietrunning curtain rails. 

RDX or Cyclonite was first prepd by Henning (Ref 6) for medicinal use in 1899. Its value as an expl was not recognized until 1920 (Ref 11). Much of the development for its large-scale production was done early in WWII (see Vol 3, C611-L)... 

A particular search command can contain dozens of such terms. Obviously, if one is careful about choosing the proper search terms, one can focus in on just the relevant papers, and leave out those that will not be useful. However, there will often be far more papers than can conveniently be handled, and there are other ways to limit searches. One such way is by using a narrow field. For example, a synthetic chemist may wish to find references in which a given compound is synthesized, but find, when he or she searches for that compound, that most of the references concern biological or medicinal uses of the compound. By using the command... 

Figure 4.1 Collecting a medicine plant in Samoa. Ethnobotanical work involves working with healers to identify the medicinal uses of plants. Although this work is laborious, traditional medicine healers are frequently excited to share their knowledge.

Buenz EJ. Country development does not presuppose the loss of forest resources for traditional medicine use. J Ethnopharmacol 2005 100(1-2) 118-123. 

Search in Harrison for psoriasis It links to the online version of Harrison s Principles of Internal Medicine using psoriasis as search term (Fig. 31.5C). 

Preservation of medicines using antimicrobiai agents basic principies... 

The indigenous microbial population is quite different in the home and in hospitals. Pathogenic organisms are found much more frequently in the latter and consequently are isolated more often from medicines used in hospital. Usually, there are fewer opportunities for contamination in the home, as patients are generally issued with individual supplies in small quantities. 

By contrast, medicines used in the home are not orrly less often eontaminated but also contain lower levels of contaminants and fewer pathogenie orgarrisms. Generally, there are fewer opportunities for contamination here since smaller quantities are used by individual patients. Medicines in the home may, however, be hoarded and used for extended periods of time. Additionally, storage conditions may be imsuitable and expiry dates ignored and thus problems other than those of microbial contamination may be seen in the home. 

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