Medicine early development

William N. Sullivan. The Coupling of Science and Technology in the Early Development of the World War II Aerosol Bomb. Military Medicine, 136 (Feb. 1971) 157-158. Source for Sicily and African airbases. 

Early Development, Johnson Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Development, Springhouse, PA 19477, USA Department of Medicinal Chemistry,... 

The noted technical weaknesses are certainly not due to the total neglect of such issues and are probably not unexpected. It simply takes considerable time and effort to develop the technology to exploit the new techniques. Those who started early, developing the techniques to a level where these can be sufficiently controlled for an industrial application, are more likely to win the race to the market place. In the case of medicinal products fi om biotechnology, fermentation technology is an essential element of the technical development. In Japan this has been recognized very early and Japan s breweries have put considerable money into fermentation research. 

Keating, P., and A. Cambrosio. From Screening to Clinical Research The Cure of Leukemia and the Early Development of the Cooperative Oncology Groups, 1955-1966. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 76 (2002) 299-334. 

The three areas of medicinal chemistry described in Chapters 10, 11, and 12 have long histories and much of the early development of these drugs relied heavily on random variations of lead compounds on a trial and error basis. This approach is wasteful and the future of medicinal chemistry lies in the rational design of drugs based on a firm understanding of their biology and chemistry. The development of the antiulcer drug cimetidine represents one of the best examples of the rational approach to medicinal chemistry and is covered in Chapter 13. 

Gore, Andrea Mount Sinai School of Medicine of CUNY Neuroendocrine mechanisms of environmental toxicity during early development NIEHS... 

Much more than that, it is believed that the Indian peoples themselves contributed greatly to the early development of Greek medicine. India played a very early role in producing therapies that the ancient Greeks subsequently employed (the Greeks, however, were not content with borrowing they subjected new therapeutic measures to their own tests before they adopted them). The Muslims are said to still respect the Indian origin of a major aspect of... 

The current bottleneck is that many of the drug substance properties important for development are only obtained in early development, at a time where it is late to introduce chemical changes in the molecule itself. In the future one hopes to move some of the determinations of the drug substance characteristics to an earlier stage, where medicinal chemistry alternatives are still possible. 

Ultimately, there is no substitute for in vivo data. Studies in intact animals allow drug administration in the intestinal tract with sampling of the portal and systemic circulation to differentiate fuUy absorption from presystemic metabolism. Conducting studies in animals is expectedly slow and may not be viewed favorably during early development when the medicinal chemists need basic information in a very rapid fashion to help understand structure-activity relationships. The biggest impediments... 

At the beginning of the 1990s, when HTS was in its early development, the average compound collection in a pharmaceutical company was little more than a compilation of in-house and handcrafted compounds from focused medicinal chenustry programs. These were not compound libraries but a series of collections based on then-relevant core structures, such as P-lactams, bendiazapines, and tetracyclines, each with its place in chemical space but certainly not filling it. 

Drug Safety and Metabolism, Translational Safety, Iimovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SKIO 4TG, England... 

AstraZeneca Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit Pepparedsleden 1 431 83 Molndal Sweden... 

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