Medical polymers magnetic resonance imaging

The underlying physical principles of NMR have been established and are well understood.8 Applications of both solid- and solution-state NMR spectroscopy can be found in many different disciplines. It is routinely used in structural elucidation of organic and inorganic compounds, polymers, and biomolecules (e.g., proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates). Additionally, NMR can be used to study molecular interactions (e.g., protein-protein and protein-ligand), molecular dynamics, and chemical reactions. It has also been used extensively in medical research and imaging (magnetic resonance imaging). 

NMR is typically used by synthetic chemists to determine or verify the structure of the compounds they synthesized, and it is often used in polymer science, drug chemistry, and materials science. In the medical community, NMR is used to image various types of soft tissue in situ and is better known as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Hospitals also use spectroscopy to measure blood counts, as well as coupling spectroscopy with immunoassays to screen for drugs or other compounds in urine. 

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) becomes one of the useful microscopy and is used not only for the medical purposes but also for chemical applications. For polyurethane foams, the analysis of the distributions of many microstructural features, including strut length and window and cell shape distributions, were carried out. The diffusion behaviours of water in membrane is investigated by MRI in order to develop the polymer electrolyte fuel cells.The solvent diffusions and the swollen behaviors were investigated by MRI for hydroxy methyl cellulose,high amylose starch tablets, poly(ethylene methacrylate)/poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)-co-tetrahydro-... 

Combined with medical scan data from computerized tomography or magnetic resonance imaging, SFF has been used to generate scaffolds that match osseous defects very precisely. It has been applied to produce polymer/HAp scaffolds with porosity, pore size and shape that optimize the mechanical properties [303] or with a design that facilitates the seeding process and enhances cellular adhesion and proliferation under dynamic conditions [304]. 

There is a class of physically small, benchtop NMR instruments available, useful for dedicated quantitative analysis. These instruments are pulsed, time-domain NMRs (TD-NMRs). TD-NMR is also called relaxometry. TD-NMR does not deal with spectroscopy or magnetic resonance (MR) images. The TD-NMR instrument is usually a small benchtop or handheld, low-resolution and low-field analyzer designed to detect hydrogen or fluorine nuclei. TD-NMR analysis is quantitative and rapid (normally within seconds or minutes). It is also nondestructive and noninvasive. Thanks to these advantages and its ease of use, it is widely used for routine analysis in agriculture, food science, polymer, chemical, petroleum, and pharmaceutical and medical industries. 

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