Median, definitions

Patients with brain metastases have a poor prognosis. Untreated patients generally have a median survival of 1 month. The choice of treatment depends primarily on the status of the patient s underlying malignancy and the number and sites of brain metastases. The primary definitive treatments for brain metastases are surgery and radiation therapy. Pharmacologic modalities are... 

ILS Figs, are definitely smaller for the L1210 than for the P388 (III) is the only compound which exhibits a significant (i.e., % ILS > 25) activity in a mono-injection protoa>l. A Q3D (1, 4, 7) schedule — chosen in order to take into accoimt the fact that the median survival time of control animals is only about... 

Merlano and colleagues completed a phase III study comparing sequential vs alternating chemoradiotherapy (62). One hundred sixteen patients were randomized to arm A of the sequential regimen of four cycles of Vinblastine (6 mg/m2, h 0), bleomycin (30 mg, h 6), methotrexate (200 mg, h 24-26), and leucovorin (45 mg, h 48) followed within 3 wk by definitive radiotherapy or arm B composed of the same chemotherapy regimen alternating with three courses of daily fractionated therapy for 2 wk. The difference in response rates (52% for arm A vs 64.9% for arm B) was found to be statistically significant, p < 0.03, as well as the median PFS (26 vs 34 wk, p = 0.046) without differences seen in OS (p = 0.64). 

The largest meta-analysis is the Meta-Analysis of Chemotherapy in Head and Neck Cancer (MACH-NC) study evaluating 63 trials with a total of 10,741 patients (Table 2) (69). MACH-NC assessed individual data rather than literature-based data with the inclusion of updated data and unpublished trials. For two-thirds of the trials, individual data were updated to a median follow-up of 6.8 yr. The meta-analysis was subcategorized into locoregional treatment with and without concomitant chemotherapy, induction/adju-vant chemotherapy, and laryngeal preservation with induction chemotherapy rather than definitive treatment for laryngeal and hypopharyngeal tumors. 

The definitive landmark trial that tested IM in patients with CML was the International Randomized trial of IFN-a and STI-571 (IRIS). In this study, 1106 patients, 553 in each arm, were randomized to receive IM at 400 mg daily or IFN-a with low-dose cytarabine. Crossover to the other arm of treatment was allowed for intolerance or lack of efficacy. The initial report with a median follow-up of 19 months showed an MCR... 

The clinical usefulness of MAC is questionable since, by definition, 50% of those receiving that concentration move in response to noxious stimulation. The median anaesthetic doses (ADs) required to prevent movement in 50% (AD50) and 95% (AD95) of patients are a later development and range from 5% to 40% greater than the MAC value. Again, these values are of only limited practical value. 

Of 494 patients during median follow-up of 18 months, 17% developed lipodystrophy (996). Study limitations included the short time of follow-up and the lack of a standardized and accepted definition of lipodystrophy. 

Thus, if a soil contained lOOOmg/kg of a metal then the concentration would be 8 mg/kg, with a range of 1.3 to 50.2 mg/kg in crops corresponding median values of the levels of metal in soil were 10 000 mg/kg and 100 000 mg/kg, respectively, at the 80 and 800 mg/kg levels. These levels would definitely be of environmental concern (see the maximum levels of manganese (2750 mg/kg), iron (77500mg/kg), arsenic (1375mg/kg), titanium (8600mg/kg) and aluminium (85 000 mg/kg) found in crops, as reported in Table 11.1. 

Figure 4.2 Three definitions for peak-valley ratios as elemental criteria to quantify the extent of separation between a pair of adjacent peaks in a chromatogram, (a) Peak-valley ratio (P eqn.4.3) according to Kaiser, (b) median peak-valley ratio (Pm eqn.4.4) according to Schupp and (c) (opposite page) the valley-to-top ratio (P eqn.4.5) according to Christophe. 

There is a definite pecking order among the three indicators of central tendency described above. The mean is the industry standard and is the most useful for a whole range of further purposes. Unless there are specific problems (e.g. polymodality or marked skewness), the mean is the indicator of choice. The median is met with pretty frequently and the mode (or modes) tends only to be used when all else fails. 

These equations can be derived from Eq. 2.11. It is important to note that crg will be the same regardless of the definition of diameter used. That is, with a lognormal distribution ag will be the same whether number, surface, or mass median diameters are being measured. 

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