Mechanically research needs

A third balanced portfolio, of funding mechanisms, is needed if the above-mentioned research frontiers are to be pursued in the most effective manner. Different frontiers will require different mixes of mechanisms, and the decision to use a particular mechanism should be determined by the nature of the research problem, by instramentation and facilities requirements, and by the perceived need for trained personnel in particular areas for industry. This topic is discussed in more detail in Chapter 10. 

Critical research needs include definition of thresholds for adverse health effects and how these thresholds vary with exposure concentration and duration. Such data would be valuable for affirming AEGL values. Additionally, the mode of dimethylhydrazine toxicity is not fully understood and, therefore, research providing insight into the underlying mechanism(s) of dimethylhydrazine toxicity would reduce current uncertainties in quantitative health risk issues. 

However, simple knowledge of the inhibition mechanism or inhibition level is not helpful in designing a safer compound. Researchers need to understand why a specific compound leads to MBI at the molecular level to design a safer compound. This can be achieved only by understanding which molecular group is exposed to the CYP-heme, to make ligand-heme interactions more difficult (Figure 12.1). 

When chemists investigate the mechanism of a reaction, they are not so lucky. Determining the mechanism of a chemical reaction is a bit like figuring out how a clock works just by looking at its face and hands. For this reason, reaction mechanisms are proposed rather than definitively stated. Much of the experimental evidence that is obtained to support a mechanism is indirect. Researchers need a lot of creativity as they propose and test mechanisms. 

To enable organic agriculture to grow and mature several supporting mechanisms are needed. Such mechanisms include on-farm and collaborative research, teaching at a wide range of competencies from farmer field days to doctoral studies (see Chapters 15,16 and 27), a comprehensive and reliable knowledge base, widely accessible information flow lines and a diverse pool of skilled people. Much of this process is under way, but considerable effort is still required. 

Summarizing, the study of the chlorosilylation of the silica surface, has given rise to 5 possible reaction mechanisms, that are believed to occur simultaneously or consecutively. In order to quantify all 5 mechanisms, the researcher needs at least 5 independently measurable and quantifiable parameters. 

Fire retardancy of wood involves a complex series of simultaneous chemical reactions, the products of which take part in subsequent reactions. Most fire retardants used for wood increase the dehydration reactions that occur during thermal degradation so that more char and fewer combustible volatiles are produced. The mechanism by which this happens depends on the particular fire retardant and the thermal-physical environment. This chapter presents a literature review of the investigations into the mechanisms, a discussion of test methods used for determining fire retardancy, the various formulations used to make wood fire retardant, and the research needs in the field of fire retardancy. 

As shown above, the improvement upon addition of surfactant of hydrolysis of Avicel was much lower than that of pretreated CWR. This result agreed well with findings by Eriksson et al. [7] who reported that surfactants and BSA were both viewed as preventing nonproductive adsorption of cellulase on lignin. However, the contrary findings reported that the non-ionic surfactants could enhance the hydrolysis of cellulose such as Sigmacell 100 and Avicel and act differently from proteins [22, 25, 38]. Therefore, more research needs to be done to solve this discrepancy and better imderstand the mechanisms of additive effect. 

To better advance technologies that meet practical, in-field deployment requirements, a mechanism is needed to monitor progress of technology development compared to snch that it continues in line with reality and with milestones. Moreover, there shonld be a mechanism by which companies are encouraged to participate in the research in the early stages to help maintain the focus on the end-point and the needs of the end user. 

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