Meat mammals

The risk posed to predators eating contaminated fish is determined by comparing the estimated daily intake (EDI) of fish predators (birds or mammals) with the predicted no-effect concentration in these predatory species. If adequate data are missing, the latter value was estimated from laboratory rodent or meat-eating animals (Table 3.3). 

This subject is discussed in Chapter 15, but a brief summary is given here, as an introduction to fat metabolism. The three major components of a human diet are meat, fish and plants, and the fats associated with each component can be different. Meat usually comprises the muscle of mammals and birds but it is always associated with fat. Even apparently lean meat may have a high fat content a 250 g beef steak may contain 60 g fat in addition to its 80 g protein. Some of this will be adipose tissue between muscles the remainder is triacylglycerol (TAG) within the fibre. In addition, milk and other dairy products contain significant amounts of fat about a quarter of the fat in the average UK diet comes from dairy produce. 

USEPA (2001) Selected Mammal and Bird Repellents 9,10-Anthraquinone (122701), 1-Butanethiol (1-Butylmercaptan) (125001), Fish Oil (122401), Meat Meal (100628), Methyl Anthranilate (128725), Red Pepper (Chile Pepper) (070703) Fact Sheet http //www.epa.gov/oppbppdl/ biopesticides/ingredients / factsheets / factsheeLmam -bird-repel.htm (last accessed 30 April 2010). 

A second important difference between mitochondrial and peroxisomal fi oxidation in mammals is in the specificity for fatty acyl-CoAs the peroxisomal system is much more active on very-long-chain fatty acids such as hexacosanoic acid (26 0) and on branched-chain fatty acids such as phytanic acid and pristanic acid (see Fig. 17-17). These less-common fatty acids are obtained in the diet from dairy products, the fat of ruminant animals, meat, and fish. Their catabolism in the peroxisome involves several auxiliary enzymes unique to this organelle. The inability to oxidize these compounds is responsible for several serious human diseases. Individuals with Zellweger syndrome are unable to make peroxisomes and therefore lack all the metabolism unique to that organelle. In X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (XALD), peroxisomes fail to... 

This increased exposure has been demonstrated by serum CDD levels, which are found to be several times higher in people who regularly eat fish as compared to those who occasionally or never eat fish (Anderson et al. 1998 Svensson et al. 1991) (see Sections 5.5 and 5.9). In addition, this same situation also applied for consumption of wildlife, specifically marine mammals (Ayotte et al. 1997 Dewailly et al. 1992). Similar dietary situations exist for children of subsistence hunters that tend to consume tissues of marine mammals and children of subsistence farmers that consume beef, milk and other dairy products from their own farm raised animals. In the case of subsistence fishers, subsistence hunters, and subsistence farmers, all three populations share one problem, that the source of their fish, meat, and/or milk and other dairy products, is typically restricted to a localized area, and if these food sources are contaminated with CDDs, adults and children in these populations will be exposed to higher levels of CDDs than members of the general population (see Section 5.7 for additional details on these populations at risk). 

Meat and Bone Meal is the rendered product from mammal tissues, including bone, exclusive of any added blood, hair, hoof, horn, hide trimmings, manure, stomach, and rumen contents, except in such amounts as may occur unavoidably in good processing practices. It shall contain a minimum of 4.0% phosphorous (P), and the calcium (Ca) level shall not be more than 2.2 times the actual phosphorous (P) level. 

Meat Meal and Tankage is the rendered product from mammal tissues exclusive of any added hair, hoof, horn, hide trimmings, manure, stomach, and... 

Giant pandas are descended from the same ancestral carnivores as bears, raccoons, dogs, and cats, and so are placed in the order Carnivora (carnivores) within the class Mammalia (mammals). Pandas have, however, almost entirely lost the meat-eating habit. It is not yet fuUy resolved whether giant pandas are more closely related to the bear family (Ursidae) or the raccoon family (Pro-cyonidae). 

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