Measuring dosage devices

Most liquid oral medicines are dosed in millilitres. These are measured with a measuring cup (24.4.19.3) or an oral syringe (see Sect. 24.4.16). The volume of the dosage device... 

X-rays are detected by observing an effect of their interaction with matter. The name x-ray detector came into use when such observations were predominantly qualitative. Nowadays, the emphasis is on high precision and efficiency so that most modern observations are measurements either of intensity or of dosage (x-ray quanta absorbed during exposure time). X-ray detector as a name has survived this change in emphasis although it does not describe the quantitative function of these devices. 

Heparin is an anticoagulant that prevents the formation of blood clots. Like insulin, it is also measured in units of activity. IV heparin may be administered by standard gravity flow or electronic infusion devices. The normal adult heparinizing dosage is 20,000-40,000 units per 24 hours. In general, IV heparin is ordered in units per hour. Heparin may also be ordered by the physician to infuse at a predetermined flow rate in mL per hour. 

Calibration of Provided Measuring Devices Measuring devices consist of droppers, spoons for liquid dosage forms, and cups labeled with both tsp and mL. Measuring devices have to be properly calibrated in order to assure the right amount of ingredients per volume to be administered [6],... 

Most assuredly, a number of sources may prove that a drug substance/product is photolabile as studies have shown (42,43). However, will they generate the same degradation products and in the same amounts Studies by Thoma and Kerker (44,45), Sequeria and Volzone (14), Merrifield et al. (46) and Baertschi et al. (41) have shown this not to be the case. One cannot ignore the SPD of the source or whether the dosage measurement device, be it a radiometer or chemical actino-meter, measures all of the incident radiation or only part of it as pointed out in Chapter 3, Figures 3 through 7 of this book. 

Counselling of chronically ill patients is extremely important. The use of pharmacologically acceptable substances with a low frequency of side effects should always be preferred. Medical efforts must focus on the individual criteria of the respective patient. In treatment failure , we have always stressed that this treatment, at this dosage and for this period of time was not successful in this particular case (for whatever reason) and that further measures would now have to be initiated. We can recall several patients with chronic hepatitis who felt that they had been left to their own devices and who were therefore trying out obscure, perhaps dangerous therapeutic measures and even consulting so-called healers . These (understandable) considerations on the part of both doctor and patient are an essential component of every individual treatment plan. 

One of the earliest devices for the measurement of radiation dosage, the Fricke dosimeter, is based on the oxidation of the ferrous ion by OH radicals produced in the radiolysis of a dilute aqueous solution of ferrous sulfate ... 

The dwelling time covers the period that elapses between the application of the sample to the test slide and its insertion into the measurement device. Since the sample is inserted by the analyser in the Ektachem, Cobas Ready and Stratus instruments, this factor can be neglected as far as these systems are concerned. It is only with the Ektachem DT-60, Reflotron and Seralyzer that dosage of the sample is effected by means of an air displacement pipette via the user. No time error can occur with the Ektachem DT-60 because an inter-... 

Liquid dosage forms of acetaminophen, intended to be taken in drops by children, shall have one standard dosage form per each milliliter. In this case, the bottle in which the liquid is packaged should be accompanied by a measuring device calibrated to accurately deliver 0.5 ml of the product. 

DT-236/PDR-75. NSN 6665-01-211-4217. The AN/PDR-75 provides the capability to monitor and record the exposure of individual personnel to gamma and neutron radiation through a wrist worn device. It is a tactical dosimeter with 1 to 1000 cGy indirect reading for neutron and gamma dose measurement by separate devices. It responds to and measures prompt radiation from nuclear bursts. The PRD-75 will be used to calculate unit radiation status, for medical triage, and for unit reconstitution. Elements are encased in a tamper resistant locket, which is worn on the wrist. Dosages are cumulative and are permanently recorded. 

Dissolution and Solubility - The search for apparatus which will afford reliable and reproducible information concerning the dissolution of pharmaceutical dosage forms continues. Swarbrick reviewed the various theoretical models that have been proposed to describe the dissolution process, as well as the devices used in its measurement. Wagner has also published a comprehensive review of this field. Others have tested dissolution devices of their own design. 

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