Electrical treatment

Electric treatment may result in the redeposition of a metal, such as copper, from reducible corrosion products, and thus decrease the apparent weight loss. 

Emission methods involve subjecting the sample to heat or electrical treatment... 

The experimental protocol involved three consecutive stages of treatment to the same HEM a first passive permeation stage, which lasted for 3 h, followed by a 2 h electrical treatment period during which electroporation or iontophoresis or both protocols were applied to the skin and finally a second passive stage (2 h) evaluated possible reversibility of skin barrier function following electrical treatment. 

After consideration of the different measurement methods we now focus on typical measurement types which are all based on one of the voltage excitation methods but differ in the excitation and the electrical treatment signal in between repeated measurements. 

At the outset of any treatment it is essential for good results to establish the best combination of these variables in relation to the products concerned the most important single factor is the flame, and the ratio of air to gas must be adjusted to give a quiet blue flame with a well-defined pale blue cone. Just as with the electrical treatment of film, over- or under-treatment can give rise to difficulties—and for this reason too it is necessary to establish the parameters and to keep within them. 

When performing experiments with cells for a long-time period, following exposure one is required to perform electroendocytosis under sterile conditions. Thus, the electrodes are sterilized with 70% ethanol for 30 min, with subsequent washing with sterile water and drying under laminar flow. Sterile cuvettes (e.g., from Elkay Products, Inc., Shrewsbury, MA, USA) should be used, and the whole procedure of electric treatment and incubation should be performed in a laminar hood. 

The brown colours of natural waters are sometimes due to ferru-gineous suspensions, but m many eases are attributable to colloidal organic matter.2 Typical waters of this class occur m the uplands of Lancashire and Yorkshire. The colloid is usually electronegative in character, exhibiting electrophoresis m the direction of the anode,3 and being prccipitable by positively charged ions and colloids, and by electrical treatment. 

The combination of chemical and electrical treatment has been reported (31). Compounds, used in this application, are chemicals that have a property of liberating free chlorine radicals, such as chlorinated oils, chlorocosane, chloramines, toluene, and hydrochlorites. Effects of chemicals on the breaking of petroleum have been investigated. The most general explanation is that the coalescence of the dispersed phase in emulsion resulted from both chemical reaction and physical effects of the chemicals, change the interfacial properties and facilitating droplet-droplet coalescence. 

Reyns, K.M.F.A., Diels, A.M.J., and Michiels, C.W. 2004. Generation of bacterial and mutagenic components by pulsed electric treatment. International Journal of Food Microbiology 93. 165-173. 

After the necessary period of training he was, in 1904, certificated at the National Hospital for Paralysis and Epilepsy as fully qualified for all purposes of massage, remedial exercises, and electrical treatment. From this hospital he passed on to the staff of the Great Northern Central Hospital, where he remained for several years. From 1908 onwards, however, he was able to devote part of his time to the private practice in which... 

Guillou S, Murr NE. (2002). Inactivation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in solution by low-amperage electric treatment. Journal of Applied Microbiology 92 860-865. 

If foam formation caimot be avoided, it can be destroyed mechanically by foam breakers, physically by ultrasound, heat or electrical methods, or chemically by antifoam agents [33]. In industrial production, with a few exceptions, mechanical foam breakers (e.g. steroid biotransformation [34]) are not used because of their high power input demand, which is often higher than the power input by the stirrer. Physical methods are not used either, because ultrasovmd, heat or electric treatment can impair the viabiUty of the microorganisms. Therefore, only chemical methods are considered in this review. 

The thermal sampling technique, TS, allows narrow segments of the complex thermocurrent to be polarised and, thus, it enables complex global peaks to be resolved into their individual components. The thermo-electric treatment of the sample during a TS experiment is schematically shown in Figure 22 (right). The electric field, Eq, is applied at Tp during tp and the sample is cooled (at a rate Pi), in the presence of the field, to a temperature where 7 - is typically 2-3 C. 

Polymer Suiface Modifications The growing need of polymeric materials with specific properties for sophisticated applications has led to the development of new polymer surfaces, which can be created by traditional polymerization processes or by the modification of existing surfaces. Surface modification of polymers is used to improve their chemical, physical, mechanical, and tribological properties. Many techniques have been applied to produce the desired surface properties, ranging from thermal treatments, chemical and electrochemical modifications, metallization, and electrical treatments, to plasma treatments and particle beam irradiation techniques. The literature shows that SIMS is a method of choice to characterize the results of such treatments. Hereafter we introduce some examples taken from published studies. 

Browner, W., 1962. Device for Electrical Treatment of Bodily Tissues, US Patent 3055372. 

The delivery of LHRH through human skin in vitro was measured before, during, and alter the application of direct current (0.5 mA/cm for 30 min), either without or with (Fig. 3) a single exponential electrical pulse, applied at the initiation of the direct-current treatment (Bommannan et al, 1994). Prior to electrical treatment, the passive flux of LHRH was near 0.05 g/(cm2. hr) for both pulsed and nonpulsed samples. The application of... 

Eisenia arborea, 1560 Elaeocarpaceae, 787 Elaeocarpusoyl, 1978 Elderly women, 2449 Electrical treatment, 211 i Electrochemical biosensor, 52 Electrochemical detectors, 2116, 2119 Electrochemiluminescence (ECL), 1168, 1187, 1188... 

Boussetta, N., Vorobiev, E., Le, L.H., Cordin-Falcimaigne, A, and Lanoiselle, J. 2012. Application of electrical treatments in alcoholic solvent for polyphenols exbaction Irom grape seeds. LWT—Food Science and Technology, 46(1) 127-134. 

C) the electrical treatment zone with electrodes. The width of the belt is 800 mm, and electrode distance is 170 mm. Illustration courtesy of S. Toepfl. 

Sekine T, Tomita H et al (2009) An induction heating method with traveling magnetic field for long structure metal. Electr Eng Japan 168 32 Shiote H, Ohe M et al (2009) Effects of electrical treatment conditions on dismantlable properties of joints bonded with electrically disbanding adhesive. J Adhes Soc Japan 45 376 (in Japanese)... 

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