Measurement increment

Using reasonable amounts of sample and combining 2D experiments with LP in tl can shorten drastically the total measuring time, since the many increments usually needed for adequate resolution in Fl may be omitted and the missing data points in tl may be predicted from a few measured increments. The dream to improve simultaneously the signal-to-noise ratio and the resolution in your 2D spectra seems to become a reality ... 

For this prototype gauge, the errors observed in measured increment heights and densities are caused by 1) sample rotation, 2) hysteresis of the recording system, 3) width of the slit, and... 

Titration — A process for quantitative analysis in which measured increments of a - titrant are added to a solution of an - analyte until the reaction between the analyte and titrant is considered as complete at the - end point [i]. The aim of this process is to determine the amount of an analyte in a -> sample. In addition, the determination can involve the measurement of one or several physical and/or chemical properties from which a relationship between the measured parameter/s and the concentration of the analyte is established. It is also feasible to measure the amount of a - titrand that is added to react with a fixed volume of titrant. In both cases, the -> stoichiometry of the reaction must be known. Additionally, there has to be a means such as a -> titration curve or an - indicator to recognize that the -> end point has been reached. The nature of the reaction between the titrant and the analyte is commonly indicated by terms like acid-base, complexometric, redox, precipitation, etc. [ii]. Titrations can be performed by addition of measured volume/mass increments of a solution,... 

In potentiometric titrations, the titration curve can be followed point by point, plotting as the ordinate successive values of the cell emf versus the corresponding volume of titrant added as the abscissa (Fig. 10). The titrant should be added in the smallest accurately measurable increments that provide an adequate density of points, particularly in the vicinity of the equivalence point. The greatest change in emf occurs around the equivalence point. The most straightforward method takes the midpoint in the steeply rising portion of the curve as the endpoint. 

Square-wave polarography A variety of pulse polarography. Standard-addition method A method of determining the concentration of an analyte in a solution. Small measured increments of the analyte are added to the sample solution, and instrument readings are recorded after one or more additions. The method compensates for some matrix interferences. 

The measurement of the diffracted intensities, which is necessary for a complete study of a film s texture, is done by recording the variations of the intensity diffracted at the angle 20 that corresponds to this family of planes during the rotation of axes and %. Therefore, most of the time, a grid along ( ) and x is defined, and the intensity distribution is measured incrementally, with each increment equal to a fraction of a degree. 

Hill and Madsen [HIL 84, HIL 86] have focused on defining the influence of the measurement increment and of the acquisition time per point on the resolution of the stmcture. Naturally, the number of points has to be high and the exposure time long enough. However, it is useless to greatly reduce the measurement increment, since the value has to be chosen with respect to the full width at half maximum of the measured peaks. A decrease in the increment for a constant full width at half maximum simply leads to an increase in the number of points defining each peak. The authors have shown that the optimal increment is between a fifth and a half of the full width at half maximum. 

Inversion Recovery method for Tj measurement incremented delay... 

Fig. 2.3 Gamma counts for a 1 m long core section of gravity core PS2557-1 used to illustrate the influence of various integration times and measuring increments. Curve A is recorded with an increment of 1 cm and an integration time of 10 s, curve B with an increment of 1 cm and an integration time of 20 s, curve C with an increment of 0.5 cm and an integration time of 60 s and curve D with an increment of 0.2 cm and an integration time of 120 s. To facilitate the comparison each curve is set off by 800 counts. Modified after Weber et al. (1997).

Torque Reduction is the reduction in torque, occurring at the defined yield point, based on comparison to a rigid (solid) sample. That is, the material yields or begins to break down and. as a result, the measured incremental torque begins to decrease. A value of 100 % for this parameter causes the test to stop as soon as there are no torque increases during a base time increment. Some users may wish to see a drop in torque after the yield point. Setting this parameter to values greater than 100 % allows data to be collected after the yield point by the EZ-Yield software so the decrease in torque may be more easily visualized. 

Around midmoming Fermi began the crucial experiment. First he ordered all but the last cadmium rod removed and checked to see if the neutron intensity matched the measurement Anderson had made the night before. With that first comparison Volney Wilson s team working on the balcony took time to adjust its monitors. Fermi had calculated in advance the intensity he expected the pile to reach at each step of the way as George Weil withdrew the last thirteen-foot cadmium rod by measured increments. 

A titration is defined as the process of determining the quantity of a substance A by adding measured increments of substance B, the titrant, with which it reacts until exact chemical equivalence is achieved... 

Mews brief An Ohio water treatment plant supervisor suffered third-degree burns over 75 percent of his body when excess lime spilled into a premixed batch of lime and water. When the excess lime fell into the vat, it splashed the near-boiling concoction onto the supervisor. The accident occurred because a void was created in the tank where the powdered lime was stored. The lime above the void tumbled down all at once, rather than in the usual measured increments. 

When confronted with a pattern that appears to be type II with a narrow QRS complex (especially in Holter recordings), one must consider the possibility of type I block without discernible or measurable increments in the PR... 

Nobel (1977 b) measured the productivity of Ferocactus acanthodes in its natural habitat. For the one-year period of observation (8 July 1975 to 21 July 1976), the estimated net CO2 uptake was 1.16 mmol cm stem surface. This corresponds to 34.8 mg carbohydrate cm" or 151 g carbohydrate per plant for this period. This carbohydrate production accounted for 1.6 kg total weight (i.e., 15% of the stem mass on July 1976). These data were excellently supported by the measured increment in size during the time of observation, which was 9% + 3% as indicated by the measured changes in height and diameter of the cactus. Based on the above data, Nobel (1977 b) calculated that a moderately large Barrel Cactus of about 90 cm tall and 35 cm in diameter would be about 54 years old. 

The development of modem calorimeters not only enables the enthalpy changes occurring in adsorption and desorption to be measured incrementally, to obtain differential enthalpies of adsorption, but also the kinetics of the processes can be followed at the same time. Such data, in association with the established characterization methods of (a) surface area, using different adsorbates, (b) PSDs and (c) TPD provide a comprehensive knowledge of the properties of an activated carbon. 

In multicomponent systems (more than one solvent component), the refractive index increment dn/dc is replaced by an experimentally measurable increment at constant chemical potential ft of solvent components, (jdn/dc2 in analogy to the density increments discussed above. In the limit of low concentrations, C2... 

Utilizing tools such as accelerated tests and statistical lifetime modeling allow for early estimates of durability. There are three basic types of accelerated tests (1) screening tests are appropriate for measuring incremental improvements in component... 

A 100-mL sample of liquefied petroleum gas is weathered in a 100-mL centrifuge tube. The volume of residue remaining at 38 C is measured and recorded as is also the appearance of a filter paper to which the residue has been added in measured increments. 

A titration is the process of determining the quantity of a substance by adding measured increments of another substance, the titrant. The latter is almost always added as a standardised solution (or by electrolyte generation, as in a coulometric titration). The end-point of the titration, which should indicate the addition of an exact chemical equivalence, is recognized by a visual indicator or instrumentally. Titrations are based on acid-base reactions (for determination of acids or bases), redox reactions (for determining oxidants or reductants), chelating reactions (usually with EDTA-type compounds, for determination of metal ions) or precipitations (usually of halides or pseudohalides with silver ions). 

Membrane thickness/ohmic resistance for proton conductivity measurement. NA, Not measured +, Increment —, Reduction. 

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