Control mean value

The 71 factor calculates a number that is sensitive to the separation between the mean control values for an HTS... 

D, leaves collected at noon time from bright sunshine after night frost. All the values are expressed as % of those of nonstress ed control leaves (A). Mean control value of Fy/F was 0.84. Standard deviations (SD) are shown, n = 7 to 13. 

FIGURE 3. Recovery of the Fy/Fj ratio of spinach leaves at +4 C and 5 umol photons m 2s l after photoinhibition by high solar irradiation (900 ymol photons m 2s l) for several hours on days (a) after frostless nights and (b) after frost nights. The mean control value after frostless nights was 0.84 0.02 and after frost nights with minimum temperatures of -1.5 to i-4.10c, 0.75 0.04 (n = 11 to 13). 

Figure 7.28 Effect of mucosal concentrations of sodium taurodeoxycholate STDC (log scale) on mean steady-state transfer rates of salicylate across the everted intestine of the rat. Bars denote 1 s.d. Dashed line indicates mean control value. From Feldman and Gibaldi [114] with permission.

Glucose values lower than mean control values by more than three standard deviations (sd) were considered to be hypoglycemic, while glucose levels greater then 3 sd above the mean control values were considered hyperglycemic. The student T test was used to analyze the glucose tolerance test data in the various experiments. 

Fig. 26. The effect of shear on a range of enzymes with a stainless steel disc at a mean velocity gradient of 6490 s at 30 °C, in the presence of an air/liquid interface. Each data point in the figure is the mean value of 4 replicates and is given as a percentage of the control value [107]...

NOTE Rats were administered five SC doses of MDA (10 mg/kg). MDMA (10 mg/kg). or METH (15 mg/kg), one dose every 6 hours, and killed 18 hours after the last dose. Results are presented as the means SEM, expressed as a percent of saline control. Control values were TH, 2645 163 nmol tyrosine oxidized/g fissue/hr and TPH, 45.0 3.5 nmol 14C02 fiberated/g tissue/hr... 

Figure 7.8 Long-term effects of MDMA on tissue levels of 5-HT (left panel) and DA (right panel) in brain regions. Male rats received three i.p. injections of 1.5 or 7.5 mg/kg MDMA, one dose every 2 h. Saline was administered on the same schedule. Rats were killed 2 weeks after injections, brain regions were dissected, and tissue 5-HT and DA were assayed by HPLC-ECD.112 Data are mean SEM expressed as percent of saline-treated control values for each region, N = 5 rats/group. Control values of 5-HT and DA were 557 24 and 28 4 pg/mg tissue for frontal cortex (CTX), 429 36 and 10,755 780 pg/mg tissue for striatum (STR), and 1174 114 and 4545 426 pg/mg tissue for olfactory tubercle (OT). Significant compared to saline-injected control for each region (P < 0.05 Duncan s).

Figure 6.10 shows a range chart with upper and lower control limits. In this example, each batch of test samples contained four replicates of the QC sample. The range was calculated for each set of four QC results and plotted sequentially on the chart. The mean range value was 2.7. Since n = 4, the lower control limit is set at zero while the upper limit is set at 2.282 x 2.7 = 6.2. Note that each batch of analyses must contain the same number of replicates of the QC sample. 

FIG. 2. Effects of LSD on the spontaneous and K+-induced release of newly synthesized 3H-5-HT in brainstem slices of 12-hr-, 7-day-, or 90-day-old rats. At the end of a 30 min incubation with 3H-tryptophan (0.56 mm) under conditions indicated in the abscissa, 3H-5-HT was measured separately in tissues and medium. The ratio (3H-5-HT%) of 3H-5-HT found in medium over that in tissues is expressed in percentage of that calculated for brainstem slices incubated in normal Krebs-Henseleit medium (K+ = 5.6 mu) in the absence of LSD. Bar, mean SEM of six to eight separate determinations. p < 0.05 when compared with control values (K+ = 5.6 mM, no LSD) p < 0.05 when compared with values found with slices incubated in K+-enriched medium in the absence of LSD. 

There are p independent variables Xj,j = 1,.. ., p. Independent here means controllable or adjustable, not functionally independent. Equation (2.3) is linear with respect to the fy, but jc- can be nonlinear. Keep in mind, however, that the values of Xj (based on the input data) are just numbers that are substituted prior to solving for the estimates jS, hence nonlinear functions of xj in the model are of no concern. For example, if the model is a quadratic function,... 

The criterion employed for a positive response in this assay is a reproducible statistically significant increase in mutation frequency (weighted mean for duplicate treated cultures) over the concurrent vehicle control value (weighted mean for four independent control cultures). Ideally, the response should show evidence of a dose-response relationship. When a small isolated significant increase in mutation frequency is observed in only one of the two duplicate experiments, then a third test should be carried out. If the third test shows no significant effects, the initial increase is likely to be a chance result. In cases where an apparent treatment-related increase is thought to be a result of unusually low variability or a low control frequency, comparison with the laboratory historical control frequency may be justified. 

Control samples should be analysed along with the test samples but the analyst should not know which are the control samples. Knowing the mean value for the control sample and the precision expected from the method, it is possible to forecast limits within which a single control result should normally fall. The basis of a quality control programme is the assumption that if a single control result falls within these defined limits, the method is under control and the test results produced at the same time are valid. If the control value falls outside the defined limits it is likely that the test results are in error and must be rejected. 

Statistical Methods. Means of treatment groups for plasma retention of BSP, plasma osmolality, total plasma protein concentration and urine flow rates were compared by students t test for independent sample means (17). Plasma enzyme activity data were converted to a quantal form and analyzed by the Fischer Exact Probability Test (18). Values greater than 2 standard deviations (P < 0.05) from the control value were chosen to indicate a positive response in treated fish. 

Preliminary bonding studies [11] to dentin treated with 3-methoxy-PIDAA or 2-carboxy-PIDAA (0.1 mol/L in aqueous acetone 1 1 mass) yielded composite to dentin mean shear bond strength values of 26.4 MPa ( 4.5 MPa) and 21.0 MPa ( 5.4 MPa), respectively, similar to the PIDAA control value of 24.2 MPa ( 6.7 MPa), where represents standard uncertainity in these measurements. 

In another study, decreases in heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure occurred in dogs following a single exposure to 0.5 mL/kg kerosene by aspiration, although these values returned to the control values within 60 minutes (Goodwin et al. 1988). The actual dose entering the lungs by aspiration cannot be determined. This study is limited, however, because only one dose was tested. 

Interpretation of Results. The mean absorbance value of the 8 samples from each tissue section of the unknown test fish was divided by the mean absorbance value of 76 negative, nontoxic fish (S. du-merili) to give a test negative control ratio. For evaluation of the samples tested, tentative toxicity ranges of these ratios have been established based on results of clinically documented toxic fishes ... 

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