Maxwell’s theory of electromagnetic

The connection between the molar polarization Pm and the molar refraction Rm is through Maxwell s theory of electromagnetism, according to which e = (at low-frequency fields). This is the basis for considering the molar refraction a measure of polarizability. 

One of the most important requirements for an axiomatic theory is to determine the validity-round of the laws, and to verify of the self-consistency in the theory. The M-M experiment proved that the prediction of the classical physics was not valid for light propagation, or rather, for Maxwell s theory of electromagnetism. This is an applicability limit of Newtonian physics. Beyond this limit, Newtonian physics becomes incomplete. 

In a strict sense, the classical Newtonian mechanics and the Maxwell s theory of electromagnetism are not compatible. The M-M-type experiments refuted the geometric optics completed by classical mechanics. In classical mechanics the inertial system was a basic concept, and the equation of motion must be invariant to the Galilean transformation Eq. (1). After the M-M experiments, Eq. (1) and so any equations of motion became invalid. Einstein realized that only the Maxwell equations are invariant for the Lorentz transformation. Therefore he believed that they are the authentic equations of motion, and so he created new concepts for the space, time, inertia, and so on. Within... 

A TREATISE ON ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM, James Clerk Maxwell. Important foundation work ol modern physics. Brings to final form Maxwell s theory of electromagnetism and rigorously derives his general equations of field theory. 1,084pp. 5b x 8b. 60636-8, 60637-6 Pa., Two-vol. set 19.00... 

After holding posts at the universities of Munich and Kiel, Planck succeeded Kirchhoff at the University of Berlin in 1888 after the latter s death. Planck continued his research in thermodynamics, including attempts to connect heat with the Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell s theory of electromagnetic radiation. He also addressed a problem suggested by Kirchhoff, who had earlier established that the energy of radiation emitted by a blackbody depends on temperature and the frequency of the radiation. 

From Maxwell s theory of electromagnetic waves it follows that the relative permittivity of a material is equal to the square of its refractive index measured at the same frequency. Refractive index given by Table 1.2 is measured at the frequency of the D line of sodium. Thus it gives the proportion of (electronic) polarizability still effective at very high frequencies (optical frequencies) compared with polarizability at very low frequencies given by the dielectric constant. It can be seen from Table 1.2 that the dielectric constant is equal to the square of the refractive index for apolar molecules whereas for polar molecules the difference is mainly because of the permanent dipole. In the following discussion the Clausius-Mossoti equation will be used to define supplementary terms justifying the difference between the dielectric constant and the square of the refractive index (Eq. (29) The Debye model). 

Relativistic covariance is an important concept in a relativistic theory. Well-known examples of covariant theories are Maxwell s theory of electromagnetism and Einstein s special theory of relativity. Many-body perturbation theories available today. 

It follows from Maxwell s theory of electromagnetic radiation that e = n, where s is the dielectric constant measured at the frequency for which the refractive index is n. Equation (9.8) thus leads immediately to the Lorentz-Lorenz equation... 

Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (1857-1894). German physicist. He performed a number of experiments confirming Maxwell s theory of electromagnetic radiation. His discovery of radio waves led to the development... 

Maxwell s theory of electromagnetic radiation fits within the classical doctrine because the electric and magnetic fields (and their rates of change with time) take on well-defined values at all times and the future values of the fields can be predicted with arbitr y precision fr MJjlSif iililial te usiiig the Maxwell equations. In Maxwell s theoryV] f upon the amplitude of the elec-... 

Nevertheless, the introduction of the potentials (p and A reduces the number of fields, and they are to be considered as the dynamical variables of the theory. Owing to the gauge symmetry given by Eqs. (2.130) and (2.131), it is obvious that Maxwell s theory of electromagnetism features redundant degrees of freedom which will seriously hamper its quantization in chapter 7. The potentials cp and A themselves are denoted gauge potentials. 

Electromagnetism (Faraday-Maxwell historical episode) Maxwell s magnetic vortex model of electromagnetic interaction [did not feature in the classroom talk] e.g. the role of analogies in the development of Maxwell s theory of electromagnetism... 

The nuclear theory of the atom assumed that the negatively charged electron was in orbit about a more massive nucleus. However, Maxwell s theory of electromagnetism requires that when charged matter changes its direction, it must emit radiation as it accelerates. But electrons in atoms don t emit radiation as they orbit the nucleus, as far as scientists could tell. 

Maxwell s theory of electromagnetism was actually the first theory that fulfilled the requirements of special relativity (i.e. the equations are invariant under a Lorentz transformation), even before special relativity was formulated by Einstein. 

The physics of surface plasmons propagating along a metal/dielectric interface has been studied intensively, and their fundamental properties have been found to be in good agreement with theoretical concepts based upon the plasma formulation of Maxwell s theory of electromagnetism. The phenomenon has been utilized extensively by physical scientists in studies of the properties of surfaces and thin films. Current interest in the properties of thin surface coatings stems partly from increased applications to thin film devices and, in particular, to recent developments in biosensor devices. This article focuses on the characterization of the surface plasmon resonance phenomenon, with emphasis on the conditions of optical excitation of plasmon resonance and the theoretical analysis of different types of surface resonances. 

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