Maximum altitude

A meteorological balloon had a radius of 1.0 m when released at sea level at 20.°C. It expanded to a radius of 3.0 m when it had risen to its maximum altitude, where the temperature was — 20.°C. What was the pressure inside the balloon at that altitude ... 

Parachutes deploy at the 300 m, or so, maximum altitude, the timing of the effects being set by fuses. 

From Table 4.2 it can be seen that a value of x of 2.40 corresponds to a HjVi ratio of 0.0169. Knowing the muzzle velocity of the shell (127 ms ) enables an estimate of the maximum altitude to be made as in equation (4.13) ... 

Complexity of the relief of Georgia causes difficulties of gas mains construction. The most complex profile has the North-South Caucasus pipeline system. This system is crossing of the Caucasus Mountains with certain parts located on the Caucasian ridge. The highest segment of the profile is located at 2400 m altitude. Such conditions cause special requirements for its operation. Besides a significant difference between altitudes, the temperature variation must also be taken into consideration. The similar complex profile will have the South Caucasian Pipeline system as well with maximum altitude point above 2000 m. 

Roccamonfina is an asymmetric truncated composite cone, with a base diameter of about 20 km and a 6 km wide, NW-SE-elongated summit caldera that is breached on the east side (Fig. 5.7). The caldera floor, sited at about 600 m above sea level, hosts several lava flows and domes which reach a maximum altitude of about 1000 m. The volcano is composed of alternating lava flows, domes and pyroclastic deposits which were emitted both from central and parasitic vents between about 0.6 and 0.1 Ma. As shown in Fig. 5.3, rock compositions range from mafic to felsic, and from subal-kaline to alkaline potassic and ultrapotassic (Appleton 1972 Giannetti and Ellam 1994). The volcanic activity took place in a zone of NW-SE trending extensional faults cut by younger N-S faulting (Chiesa et al. 1995 Fig. 5.1). 

Because we are focussed on air pollution problems, high-impact weather is rarely of concern so, its simplified approach to deep convection, absence of a stratosphere (maximum altitude is 8 km), and its explicit but simplified rain processes, are not significant... 

Ground-based mm-wave emission techniques have recently provided definitive identification of HO2 in the upper stratosphere, measurements which can be directly compared with previous in situ experiments [13]. Figure 8 presents those recent spectra. These observations can be used both to cross check in situ techniques, for which two have been reported, and to extend measurements of this key free radical above the maximum altitude attainable by balloons, specifically above 45 km. We thus find a critical combination of independent techniques with highly complementary temporal and spatial coverage evolving such that the vertical distribution of a key free radical will soon be established in the scientific literature. 

The analysis of perturbations to the middle atmosphere must also include natural processes, such as the effects of volcanic eruptions, which produce large quantities of fine particles as well as water vapor and SO2, which eventually produces H2SO4 and sulfate aerosols. The amount of gas injected, the composition and the maximum altitude of injection vary with the intensity of the eruption. Such events can alter the budgets of some atmospheric constituents and are clearly reflected in the middle atmospheric aerosol content. Particles also provide sites for surface reactions to occur. Such heterogeneous reactions may activate chlorine and enhance the depletion of ozone by industrially manufactured halocarbons. 

About the time the shell reaches its maximum altitude and minimum speed, the time fuse ignites the chemicals contained in the cylinder. The chemicals inside the cylinder determine the color of the burst. 

At this point, shortly after 0211, the aircraft was properly stalled. With the engines at full thrust, the pitch angle reached a maximum of 17.9 degrees. The aircraft reached its maximum altitude at 0211 10 of 37,924 feet. After this time, the plane descended continuously until the crash. All this time, Bonin kept pulling back his... 

A proper acclimatization to hypoxia is very important and determines the overall ability to cope with hypoxia. In climbers at very high altitude, the maximum altitude that an individual can reach is clearly related to the hypoxic ventilatory response measured at sea level and to the extent of the ventilatory acclimatization during ascension (46,46a). At lower altitude, a proper ventilatory acclimatization is also a determinant mechanism for the overall hypoxic acclimatization. Our own observations (unpublished) in rats permanently living at 3600 m above sea level (Bolivian Institute for Altitude Biology—IBBA, La Paz, Bolivia) revealed that following surgical chemodenervation, the hematocrit rose from a baseline level of around 50% to more than 70% within a few weeks and numerous animals died during this period. 

Figure2.10 summarizes our results (solid lines— Eqs.(2.82) and (2.85) dashed line—Eq.(2.84)) and compares them to data (crosses) taken from the literature (here http //www.usatoday.com/weather/wstdatmo.htm Source Aerodynamics for Naval Aviators ). Notice that the temperature data are not direct measurements but rather data points computed from simple formulas describing the average temperature profile at different heights. Our calculation applies to the troposphere, i.e. to a maximum altitude of roughly 10000 m. Beyond the troposphere other processes determine the temperature of the atmosphere. We see that our result somewhat underestimates the actual temperature. The middle graph shows the pressure profile. We notice that the two theoretical models Eq.(2.84) (isothermal case ) and Eq.(2.85) (adiabatic case) bracket the true pressure profile. The bottom graph shows the compressibility factor, Z = PV/ nRT), versus h. The data points scatter because of scatter in the density values. Nevertheless the graph shows that our assumption of ideal gas behavior is very reasonable.

CLOUD-TOP HEIGHT. The maximum altitude reached by a mushroom cloud generated by a nuclear weapon explosion. 

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