Maximal volume

The 0-order rate constant, k()p is a maximal volume-based characteristic value for a biofilm and a substrate ... 

This trace shows the volume of the left ventricle throughout the cycle. The important point is the atrial kick seen at point a. Loss of this kick in atrial fibrillation and other conditions can adversely affect cardiac function through impaired LV filling. The maximal volume occurs at the end of diastolic filling and is labelled the left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV). In the same way, the minimum volume is the left ventricular end-systolic volume (LVESV). The difference between these two values must, therefore, be the stroke volume (SV), which is usually 70 ml as demonstrated above. The ejection fraction (EF) is the SV as a percentage of the LVEDV and is around 60% in the diagram above. 

Saveant, 1986b), where V is the maximal volume occupied by the RX molecules when they are in contact with the electron donor. In between... 

An important quantity, which characterizes a macroemulsion, is the volume fraction of the disperse phase 4>a (inner phase volume fraction). Intuitively one would assume that the volume fraction should be significantly below 50%. In reality much higher volume fractions are reached. If the inner phase consists of spherical drops all of the same size, then the maximal volume fraction is that of closed packed spheres (fa = 0.74). It is possible to prepare macroemulsions with even higher volume fractions volume fractions of more than 99% have been achieved. Such emulsions are also called high internal phase emulsions (HIPE). Two effects can occur. First, the droplet size distribution is usually inhomogeneous, so that small drops fill the free volume between large drops (see Fig. 12.9). Second, the drops can deform, so that in the end only a thin film of the continuous phase remains between neighboring droplets. 

By cardiac puncture, when animal survival is not required, exsan-guinations by cardiac puncture yields the maximal volume of blood ... 

Quantity. The paper itself determines through its water-absorbing capacity the maximal volume of the sample that can be applied on a given surface, but excessive quantities of protein militate against good partition. 

TABLE 38.11 Repeated intravenous infusion dose volumes/rates (and possible maximal volumes/rates)... 

For the samples greater than 0.51 mm, a maximal volume of 500-ml was transferred to a clean, labeled, plastic bottle and sealed the rest of the sample was discarded. If less than 0.51 mm, the sample was also discarded and was lost from the weekly composite of daily results. This will produce some errors in the comparisons with the weekly samples. The daily sample was stored in a refrigerator at about 4°C to minimize degradation. The same procedure was followed for the weekly samples except that these were shipped the same day that they were collected and were not refrigerated. 

Table 9.1. Correlation between ion potential of the cation of oxide and maximal volume concentration of the solid phase in water-ceramic suspension [8].

The actual determination of a set M for some chiral set T and the calculation of the volume v(T) are usually rather difficult problems (see some relevant comments in references [51-53,58,240,242]), and the same applies for superset N. However, within a RBSM framework, the analogous chirality measures given in terms of a discretization procedure using polycubes (or lattice animals in 2D) [240] do not require the explicit determination of a maximal volume (area) achiral subset M and the calculation of its exact volume (or area) v(M). 

If M is a maximal volume R-subset of T, and N is a minimal volume R-superset of T, then the expressions... 

For any R-subset M, R-superset N, maximal volume R-subset M, and minimal volume R-superset N of any set T the relations... 

If M(x, Mr, Not, and Nr are maximal volume achiral subset, maximal volume R-subset, minimal volume achiral superset, and minimal volume R-superset of a set T, respectively, then... 

The concentration of organic solvent should be low enough to make the existence of micelles possible. Such maximal amount depends on the type of surfactant and organic solvent, and is usually unknown. For SDS, the maximal volume fractions of acetonitrile, propanol, butanol, and pentanol that seem to guarantee the presence of micelles are 20%, 15%, 10%, and 7% (v/v), respectively. However, analytical reports where authors claim the use of hybrid micellar mobile phases and these maximal values are exceeded—micelles do not exist— are not unusual. In such conditions, the system bears closer resemblance to an aqueous-organic system, although the surfactant monomers still affect the retention and efficiencies. 

Toxicology studies are special as the chosen high doses of poorly solnble compounds open a permanent conflict between the maximal volume which can be administered and the safety/tolerability of the excipients needed. The chances in snch exercises consist of having to sort out early on serions biopharmacentical problems and to get them resolved iteratively in varions pharmacokinetic experiments with many lessons learned for the hnman formulation. 

The air within the lung at the end of a forced inspiration can be divided into four compartments or lung volumes (Fig. 25-1). The volume of air exhaled during normal quiet breathing is termed tidal volume (Vt). The maximal volume of air inhaled above tidal volume is called the inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), and the maximal air exhaled below tidal volume is called the expiratory reserve volume (ERV). The residual volume (RV) is the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal exhalation. 

The functional residual capacity (FRC) is the volume of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a quiet expiration. FRC is the normal resting position of the lung and occurs when there is no contraction of either inspiratory or expiratory muscles and is normally 40% of TLC. Inspiratory capacity (IC) is the maximal volume of air that can be inhaled from the end of a quiet expiration and represents the sum ofVT and IRV. 

The dead volume of a diaphragm reciprocating pump is greater than that of a piston reciprocating pump, and can be several times the maximal volume swept by the membrane. 

Figure 13. Extinction and scattering spectra of bbc-clusters with the number of conjugates iV=701 (1, maximal volume density), 561(2), 421 (3), and 281 (4). Diluted clusters were obtained by random elimination of cluster monomers. The volume fractions of conjugates equal 0.53 (maximal density), 0.42, 0.316, and 0.21, respectively. Calculations were carried out by GMM method [66] using the following parameters of conjugates gold core = 15 nm, polymer shell s = 1,0, n, =1.40. ...

By comparison of the ratio of prism volume to the ellipsoid volume, a maximal volume filling factor/ ax follows from the area filling factor using/ ax =yFfl. This upper bound of the volume filling factor is valid if all particles have an identical size of D. In this case, the minimum composite film thickness corresponds with the mean vertical diameter of the particles dc = Ffe if all particles lie exactly in one plane. Because there is a statistical particle size distribution, the composite film thickness must be defined from the maximal vertical diameter of the largest particle dc = Db can be obtained from the image analysis data. It is better to calculate Db with Db = Dmax(l - Vl - inax ) The filling factor/is decreased further by the ratio between the mean particle... 

Forced vital capacity (FVC) The maximal volume of gas that can be forcefully expelled after maximal inspiration. 

Density of the D5 networks was calculated with the approximate (maximal) volume of a cubic domain. The values range from 1.5 (SD5) to 2.8 (D5). 

When applying a membrane solution to a wastewater problem it is crucial to evaluate the balance between permeate quality and volume reduaion. Maximizing volume reduction is important since it impacts economics by minimizing the volume of wastewater requiring treatment. However, the quality of the discharged water is critical and must be maintained during the filtration process. Treatability testing is necessary to determine the optimal balance between permeate quality and volume reduaion. 

The study of free sweUing of clay soils proved that one-time swelling does not provide equilibrium state in the system. The equilibrium is reached only after cyclic drying and moistening with structural bonds being destroyed, dispersion and disorientation of structural elements accompanied by the maximal volume changes... 

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