Material Development and Process

Wood IV et al (eds) (2000) Materials development and processing bulk, amorphous materials, undercooling and powder metallurgy. Wiley, Weinheim... 

Spe] Spenser, P.J., Computational Thermochemistry from its Early Calphad Days to a Cost-Effective Role in Materials Development and Processing , Calphad, 25(2), 163-174 (2001) (Calculation, Phase Relations, Thermodyn., 31)... 

Although carbon electrode production has been regarded as a mature business, the steady growth in demand and the need for improved electrodes has prompted ongoing development efforts in these areas (/) cost containment through raw material substitutions and process improvements (2) higher purity electrodes for those processes such as siUcon production (J) improvements in thermal shock resistance to enhance electrode performance and (4) better joining systems for prebakes. 

Shock-compression science, which has developed and matured since its inception in 1955. has never before been documented in book form. Over this period, shock-compression research has provided numerous major contributions to scientific and industrial technology. As a result, our knowledge of geophysics, planetary physics, and astrophysics has substantially improved, and shock processes have become standard industrial methods in materials synthesis and processing. Characterizations of shock-compressed matter have been broadened and enriched with involvements of the fields of physics, electrical engineering, solid mechanics, metallurgy, geophysics, and materials science... 

It is particularly important to study process phenomena under dynamic (rather than static) conditions. Most current analytical techniques are designed to determine the initial and final states of a material or process. Instmments must be designed for the analysis of materials processing in real time, so that the cmcial chemical reactions in materials synthesis and processing can be monitored as they occur. Recent advances in nuclear magnetic resonance and laser probes indicate valuable lines of development for new techniques and comparable instmmentation for the study of interfaces, complex hquids, microstmctures, and hierarchical assemblies of materials. Instmmentation needs for the study of microstmctured materials are discussed in Chapter 9. 

Develop and process materials in which complex structural assembly occurs spontaneously or with minimal guidance and in useful time-scales to produce durable systems with diverse utility. 

The final chapter addresses the cross-cutting issue of materials processing for SOFC applications. The challenges in developing materials that satisfy the stringent materials property requirements is further complicated by the need to fabricate the materials in the desired shapes and with the desired microstructures. The production of a cost-effective SOFC requires compromises between materials properties and processing methods to produce materials with adequate properties at an acceptable cost. 

When he interviewed with Meyer in 1926, Mark outlined a typically thorough program. He proposed a team of organic and physical chemists, and physicists who would evaluate the influence of structure on properties such as rigidity, elasticity, melting point, and water absorption. Work, he proposed, would shift toward new material development and into the manufacturing facilities to evaluate the effects of processing... 

Some useful insight can be developed concerning the influence of material properties and process conditions on devolatilization efficiency by considering the special case when the number of bubbles per unit volume of solution is constant. To fix ideas, assume that all bubbles are formed instantaneously when the solution enters the extraction zone and that no bubbles are ruptured until the very end of the process when all rupture simultaneously. Then the rate of formation can be expressed by... 

Promote the development and, v/here it deems appropriate, require the use of substitute or modified materials, products and processes to prevent the formation and release of the chemicals listed in Annex C, taking into consideration the general guidance on prevention and release reduction measures in Annex C and guidelines to be adopted by decision of the Conference of the Parties. ... 

Other applications of nanoparticles At present, there are many research reports related to the development and processing of inorganic particles ranging from the nanoscale of less than 10 nm to the microscale. The processing comprises various stages of materials fabrication from particles (powders), starting with the particle synthesis to the point of forming and densification to reach the final product. 

Materials development and synthesis is another important dual-use type of chemistry. Developments over the past few decades include a number of elec-troitic materials and their processing, fuel cells and batteries, photoresist and semiconductor synthesis, high-performance composites (structural components) and nanocomposite materials, colloidal nanoparticle technology, solid-state lasers, and light-emitting diodes. 

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