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Master data method

Fig. 4. Reduced time plots, fr = (f/fo.s), for the isothermal decomposition of ammonium vanadyl oxalate using master data for the Avrami—Erofe ev equation [eqn. (6), n = 2], by the application of a method of analysis [73] described in the text. The circles are experimental measurements and the lines correspond to exact agreement with the equation. (Reproduced, with permission, from Thermochimica Acta.)... Fig. 4. Reduced time plots, fr = (f/fo.s), for the isothermal decomposition of ammonium vanadyl oxalate using master data for the Avrami—Erofe ev equation [eqn. (6), n = 2], by the application of a method of analysis [73] described in the text. The circles are experimental measurements and the lines correspond to exact agreement with the equation. (Reproduced, with permission, from Thermochimica Acta.)...
The principal problem of polymer science is the mastering of methods for obtaining materials with predetermined properties. Consequently, the main task of polymer chemistry is the development of the methods of synthesis of polymers which exhibit, in principle, any theoretically possible primary structure of macromolecules. At present, many empirical data have been accumulated in the field of experimental chemistry, which in many cases, make it possible to synthesize polymers with a predetermined primary microstructure. In particular, the most interesting in this sense is the available experience of the synthesis of stereoregular polymers. On the whole, the successful fulfilment of this program requires a reasonable and harmonious combination of empirical and theoretical approaches. [Pg.137]

Jones et al. (122) used the reduced-time method oF Sharp et al. (123) in which the experimental kinetics data are plotted against the master data in such a way as to produce a linear plot. The experimental data are first expressed in the form sce as a function of(t/t05)c, where e refers to the experimental data Three equivalent plotting procedures are then possible ... [Pg.67]

The Russian predictive embrittlement method is based primarily on test reactor data and utilizes the shift in CVN impact energy properties essentially at the 47 J temperature (PNAE, 1989). The effects of Cu, P and O (E > 0.5 MeV) are included in the method. A new local approach called the Unified Curve (similar to the Master Curve method) for assessing vessel integrity has recently has been added for structural analysis purposes (Margolin et ai, 2007). Additionally, an IAEA activity on embrittlement prediction for WWER-440 RPVs was completed (IAEA, 2005), with the published IAEA report providing recommended guidelines based on a larger database than previously available. [Pg.143]

Choose the master equation method (FEP, TI, or slow growth), the number of windows to be calculated, the amount of equilibration to be performed at each window, and the amount of data collection to be performed at each window. Typically, if high precision results are desired for a simulation, the total data collection time over the simulation will be several hundred picoseconds or more. Parameters associated with standard MD or MC will also need to be set (step size, effective temperature, etc.). [Pg.1043]

The surface-site mole fractions determined graphically and by calculation show good agreement. The master plot method is seen to be a reliable and convenient method for representing and determining the pH dependence of surface-site ionization behavior, which requires only a minimum number of data and K 2 ) construct. Values of and K 2 available from the literature [6]. [Pg.14]

Two methods are discussed 1. Direct recording of observations (e.g. plant growth) on a portable battery powered recording device, followed by data transmission to and further processing on the R D computer and 2. CRT entry of observed values for test and control animals for specific tests, followed by appropriate statistical calculations with report generation and simultaneous reformatting of summary Information for the corporate master data base (ABCD). Only after verification of the accuracy of the data by the producers of the Information are the results entered Into the master data base. [Pg.38]

This method is also being used at the Hines VA CSPCC for a number of trials. It appears to be superior to the paper data collection with centralized interactive data entry. It is not time consuming because data are entered with high-speed double-key data entry, which expedites processing of received forms and thus the accumulation of the master database. Another major advantage is that only one person is needed to run the system. [Pg.613]

Physical adsorption of nitrogen was carried out on an ASAP 2400 Micromeritics apparatus. Before measurements, samples were evacuated overnight at 350 °C at vacuum of 2 Pa. For all samples the same adsorption data table was used. Collected adsorption data were treated by BET-isotherm in the range 0.05 < P/micropore volume and mesopore + external surface, t-plot method, with master isotherm of nonporous alumina (Harkins-Jura) was used, t-plot was linearized in the range of 0.35 < t < 0.6 nm. [Pg.230]

Documentation comprises procedures, instructions, test methods,batch records, and so on that are documented and controlled. Documentation is prepared, reviewed, and approved by qualified personnel. Approved copies of documents are distributed to relevant departments and superseded copies are retrieved and archived. The retention period for each type of document is specified. Documents are issued with document and version numbers for ease of identification and reference. Master copies of documents are filed at secured locations with authorized access. Master copies stored in electronic media require validation in accordance with FDA regulation 21 CFR Part 11 (see Section 9.6.3) to assess the security of access and data integrity. Operators are trained and retrained to only apply the latest approved documents. [Pg.293]

Fig. 3.14. The data is for a very broad range of times and temperatures. The superposition principle is based on the observation that time (rate of change of strain, or strain rate) is inversely proportional to the temperature effect in most polymers. That is, an equivalent viscoelastic response occurs at a high temperature and normal measurement times and at a lower temperature and longer times. The individual responses can be shifted using the WLF equation to produce a modulus-time master curve at a specified temperature, as shown in Fig. 3.15. The WLF equation is as shown by Eq. 3.31 for shifting the viscosity. The method works for semicrystalline polymers. It works for amorphous polymers at temperatures (T) greater than Tg + 100 °C. Shifting the stress relaxation modulus using the shift factor a, works in a similar manner. Fig. 3.14. The data is for a very broad range of times and temperatures. The superposition principle is based on the observation that time (rate of change of strain, or strain rate) is inversely proportional to the temperature effect in most polymers. That is, an equivalent viscoelastic response occurs at a high temperature and normal measurement times and at a lower temperature and longer times. The individual responses can be shifted using the WLF equation to produce a modulus-time master curve at a specified temperature, as shown in Fig. 3.15. The WLF equation is as shown by Eq. 3.31 for shifting the viscosity. The method works for semicrystalline polymers. It works for amorphous polymers at temperatures (T) greater than Tg + 100 °C. Shifting the stress relaxation modulus using the shift factor a, works in a similar manner.
This method can be considered a calibration transfer method that involves a simple instrument-specific postprocessing of the calibration model outputs [108,113]. It requires the analysis of a subset of the calibration standards on the master and all of the slave instmments. A multivariate calibration model built using the data from the complete calibration set obtained from the master instrument is then applied to the data of the subset of samples obtained on the slave instruments. Optimal multiplicative and offset adjustments for each instrument are then calculated using linear regression of the predicted y values obtained from the slave instrument spectra versus the known y values. [Pg.428]

The PDS method [108,109,114,115] can be very effective for spectroscopic analyzers, and other analyzers that generate data on a continuous variable axis. In PDS, the responses of a set of transfer standards are obtained on both the master and the slave instrument (thus producing and X, respectively). It is then desired to obtain a transformation matrix F such that the spectra obtained on the slave instrument can be transformed into spectra that would have been obtained on the master instrument ... [Pg.428]

Therefore, the method of universal calibration would mean that a plot of the logarithm of [h]M versus SEC elution volume V would behave like a master calibration plot that is unique for a particular SEC column set. Through the years, there have been numerous results published in support of the universal calibration practice in SEC. This is indeed true as illustrated by our data shown in Figures 12, 13 and 14. The very different MW and [hi calibration curves of the four different polymer types shown in Figures 12 and 13 all converge to a single universal calibration curve based on the product of M [b] in Figure 14. [Pg.97]

There are two ways to collect FLIM data freqnency-domain or time-domain data acqnisition (Alcala et al. 1985 Jameson et al. 1984). Briefly, in freqnency domain FLIM, the fluorescence lifetime is determined by its different phase relative to a freqnency modulated excitation signal nsing a fast Fourier transform algorithm. This method requires a frequency synthesizer phase-locked to the repetition freqnency of the laser to drive an RF power amplifier that modulates the amplification of the detector photomultiplier at the master frequency plus an additional cross-correlation freqnency. In contrast, time-domain FLIM directly measures t using a photon connting PMT and card. [Pg.40]


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