Mass volume relationships in reactions involving

Charles s Law The Volume-Temperature Relationship The 12-12 Mass-Volume Relationships in Reactions Involving Gases... 

MASS-VOLUME RELATIONSHIPS IN REACTIONS INVOLVING GASES... 

Mass-Volume Relationships in Reactions Involving Gases... 

Dalton s Law of Partial Pressures 12-12 Mass-Volume Relationships in Reactions Involving Gases 12-13 The Kinetic-MolecularTheory 12-14 Diffusion and Effusion of Gases 12-15 Deviations from Ideal Gas Behavior... 

The three neutrons produced when uranium splits have the ability to split other U-235 nuclei and start a self-sustaining chain reaction. Whether a chain reaction takes place depends on the amount of fissionable material present. The more fissionable material that is present, the greater the probability that a neutron will interact with another U-235 nucleus. The reason for this involves the basic relationship between surface area and volume as mass increases. If a cube with a length of 1 unit is compared to a cube of 2 units, it is found that the surface area to volume ratio of the 1 unit cube is twice that of the 2 unit cube (Figure 17.6). This shows that volume increases at a greater rate than surface area as size increases. The probability that neutrons escape rather than react also depends on the surface area to volume ratio. The higher this ratio is the more likely neutrons escape. When a U-235 nucleus contained in a small mass of fissionable uranium is bombarded by a neutron, the... 

Titration — A process for quantitative analysis in which measured increments of a - titrant are added to a solution of an - analyte until the reaction between the analyte and titrant is considered as complete at the - end point [i]. The aim of this process is to determine the amount of an analyte in a -> sample. In addition, the determination can involve the measurement of one or several physical and/or chemical properties from which a relationship between the measured parameter/s and the concentration of the analyte is established. It is also feasible to measure the amount of a - titrand that is added to react with a fixed volume of titrant. In both cases, the -> stoichiometry of the reaction must be known. Additionally, there has to be a means such as a -> titration curve or an - indicator to recognize that the -> end point has been reached. The nature of the reaction between the titrant and the analyte is commonly indicated by terms like acid-base, complexometric, redox, precipitation, etc. [ii]. Titrations can be performed by addition of measured volume/mass increments of a solution,... 

Engineering systems mainly involve a single-phase fluid mixture with n components, subject to fluid friction, heat transfer, mass transfer, and a number of / chemical reactions. A local thermodynamic state of the fluid is specified by two intensive parameters, for example, velocity of the fluid and the chemical composition in terms of component mass fractions wr For a unique description of the system, balance equations must be derived for the mass, momentum, energy, and entropy. The balance equations, considered on a per unit volume basis, can be written in terms of the partial time derivative with an observer at rest, and in terms of the substantial derivative with an observer moving along with the fluid. Later, the balance equations are used in the Gibbs relation to determine the rate of entropy production. The balance equations allow us to clearly identify the importance of the local thermodynamic equilibrium postulate in deriving the relationships for entropy production. 

Not only masses bnt qnantities of substances in any units can be used for stoichiometry purposes. The quantities given must be changed to moles. Just as a mass is a measure of the number of moles of a reactant or product, the number of individual atoms, ions, or molecules involved in a chemical reaction may be converted to moles of reactant or product and used to solve problems. The number of moles of individual atoms or ions of a given element within a compound may also be used to determine the number of moles of reactant or product. The density of a substance may be used to determine the mass of a given volume of it and the mass may be used to determine the number of moles present. Some of these additional relationships are illustrated in Figure 10.3. 

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