Marine oil spills

Swannell RPJ, K Lee, M McDonagh (1996) Field evaluations of marine oil spill bioremediation. Microbiol Rev 60 342-365. 

Brown et al. [22] have described a rapid field method for detecting down to 2pg of oil in sediments associated with marine oil spills. The method was employed in connection with the Argo Merchant oil spill off Nantuckett in December 1976. 

Marine oil spills can cause significant environmental damage. When a crude oil is spilled at sea several processes can occur (Figure 9.5) [552]. Immediately following a spill, a slick is formed which spreads out from the source [553,554]. Studies of the spreading of the spilled oil have been carried out by a number of researchers [553,555-561], Next there is the potential for the formation of two quite different kinds of emulsions. 

Spaulding, M.L. Howlett, E. Anderson, E. Jayko, K. Proc. 15th Annual Arctic and Marine Oil Spill Program, Technical Seminar, Alberta, Canada, June 9-11, 1992, pp. 15-21. 

A. B. Nordvik, J. L. Simmons, K. R. Bitting, A. Lewis, and T. Storm-Kristiansen, Oil and water separation in marine oil spill clean-up operations. Spill Sci. Technol. Bull. 3,107-122 (1996). 

FIGURE 27.1 Protocol/decision chart for oil spill identification. (FromDaling, P. S., Faksness, L. G., Hansen, A. B., and Stout, S. A., In Proceedings of the 25th Arctic and Marine Oil Spill Program (AMOP) Technical Seminar, Environment Canada, Ottawa, pp. 429-454, 2002. With permission.)... 

Marine oil spills can cause significant environmental damage. When a crude oil is spilled at sea, several processes can occur (Figure 9.5) [42]. Immediately following... 

A fairly large number of demulsifying/dispersing formulations have been created for application to marine oil spills [54, 85-87]. They are usually designed to promote O/W emulsion formation and tend to be moderately hydrophilic. Many such formulations are mixtures of non-ionic and anionic surfactants formulated to achieve a target hydrophile-hpophUe balance (HLB) of about 10 [85, 87-90]. 

MF Fingas, B Fieldhouse, JVMullin. Studies of water-in-oil emulsions stability and oil properties. Proceedings of the Twenty—First Arctic and Marine Oil Spill Program Technical Seminar, Ottawa, ON, 1998, pp 1—25. 

RH Jenkins, SJW Grigson, J McDougaU. The formation of emulsions at marine oil spills and the impUca tions for response strategies. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Health, Safety and Environment in on and Gas Exploration and Production. Vol 2, Richardson, TX, 1991, pp 437—443. 

IT Corporation, Use of Chemical Dispersants for Marine Oil Spills, Environmental Protection Agency Report, EPA/600/R-93/195, Edison, NJ, 1993. 

Eriksson, F. Proceedings of Seminar on Combating Marine Oil Spills in Ice and Cold Conditions, National Board ofWaters and the Environment, Helsinki, Finland, 1992, pp 99-109. 

Brown, C. M. Fingas, R. Hawkins, Synthetic Aperture Radar Sensors Viable for Marine Oil Spill Response Proc. 26th Arctic and Marine Oil Spill Program (AMOP) Technology Seminar Victoria, Canada, June 10-12, 299-310 (2003)... 

All these process influence the choice of oil-spill countemieasures. Quickly collection of the oil after a spillage and mechanical recovery by sorbents is one of the most important countermeasures in marine oil-spill response. Sorbents are solid products capable of trapping liquid pollutants. Sorbents are used to reduce the spread of a spill of pollutant, fix a pollutant by impregnation to facilitate its, recovery for small spills recover the pollutant from effluents generated, by cleanup operations Alter pollutant that cannot be recovered from, a water mass (channels, rivers, water intakes and washing effluents) [24]. 

CMC, which contribute to the changes in cell surface morphology. Simulation studies showed that rhamnohpids can be used for the bioremediation of marine oil spill e. Rhamnolipids have been reported as metal complexing biosurfactants and can reduce organism s toxicity to metals such as cadmium during biodegradation of naphthalene. Hence, rhamnolipids can be used to treat soils co-contaminated with metals and hydrocarbons. Rhamnohpids can be used in the formulation of soil washing ent for the removal of heavy metals and their activity is comparable to that of synthetic metal chelators. ... 

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