Marine environment applications

Reprinted from Applied Surface Science, 292, Conradi, M., Kocijan, A., Kek-Merl, D., Zorko, M., Verpoest, I., Mechanical and anticorrosion properties of nanosilica-filled epoxy-resin composite coatings, 432—437, Copyright (2014), with permission from Elsevier. 

Note Schematic drawing of the equivalent circuit. Rq is associated with the electrolyte resistance. Ri and Ci are the resistance and capacitance of the coating, respectively. C2 is the capacitance of the double layer. R2 is the charge transfCT resistance at the steel—electrolyte interface. 

Reprinted from Surface and Coating Technology, 204, Shi, X., Nguyen, T.A., Suo, Z., Liu, Y., Avd, R., Effect of nanoparticles on the anticorrosion and mechanical properties of epoxy coating, Copyright (2009), with pamission from Elsevier. 

An attempt was made to characterize the fracmre behavior of a nanosilica-modified epoxy system under a wide range of temperamres from —50 to 70 °C (Deng et al., 2007b). Fracture toughness and other material properties were measured using standard specimens to identify the effects of the nanosilica on the fracmre behaviors of 

Reference agent Silica Silica Fatigue test mode (MPa m ) (MPa m ) 

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Propellers for the marine environment appeared first in the eighteenth centui y. The French mathematician and founder of hydrodynamics, Daniel Bernoulli, proposed steam propulsion with screw propellers as early as 1752. However, the first application of the marine propeller was the hand-cranked screw on American inventor David Bushnell s submarine, Turtle in 1776. Also, many experimenters, such as steamboat inventor Robert Fulton, incorporated marine propellers into their designs. 

Applications Ion implantation is widely employed to improve the life of tools. Thus press tools, dies and gear cutters can be treated to increase their durability by three times or more. Nitrogen-implanted tungsten carbide drawing dies for copper and iron wire can be improved up to fivefold. By implanting chromium, aluminium or silicon a considerable increase in the corrosion resistance of steel can be obtained. Implantation of chromium into aircraft bearing alloys has improved their durability in marine environments . 

There is an indeterminacy in the term oligotroph, and the dilemma is exacerbated by the fact that it may be impossible to isolate obligate oligotrophs by established procedures. The application of DNA probes should, however, contribute to an understanding of the role of these noncultivable organisms. Oligotrophic bacteria in the marine environment are able to utilize low substrate concentrations, and they may be important in pristine environments. 

Oil-based muds are being replaced now by synthetic muds. Diesel oil is harmful to the environment, particularly the marine environment in offshore applications. The use of palm oil derivative could be considered as an alternative oil-based fluid that is harmless to the environment [1869]. Hydrated castor oil can be used as a viscosity promoter instead of organophilic quater-nized clays [1285]. 

The Marine Biotechnology Institute (MBI) was founded in 1987 for the study and applications of biodiversity in marine environments. Currently, and within the scope of the present book, the research area of relevance is industrial applications of microbiology . The institute also performs research in C02 fixation. The Applied Microbiology Laboratory is searching cost-effective utilization of microbes for environmental conservation and restoration. In particular, the decontamination of areas polluted with petroleum-related compounds has been addressed. Attention has been paid to removal of polycyclic hydrocarbons. They are also developing processing methods for the conversion of biomass and organic wastes by methane fermentation. 

The application of these techniques has led to the discovery of a number of organometallic species of arsenic, tin, and antimony in the marine environment. Germanium has not been observed to form organometallic compounds in nature. Some aspects of the geochemical cycles of these elements which have been elucidated by the use of these methods are discussed. 

The application of neutron activation techniques to the measurement of trace metals in the marine environment has been reviewed by Robertson and Carpenter [815,816]. 

Land application of wastes is becoming more widespread as regulatory authorities move to protect water quality by restricting waste disposal into rivers, lakes and the marine environment. It is not clear, however, that soil is in fact an appropriate dumping ground for all our wastes. 

F1PLC has found applications in a wide variety of studies concerning the marine environment [295], It has been employed for the identification of the components of microphy-tobenthic communities [296], for the investigation of the change in phytoplankton communities [297] in many sampling sites such as the Mediterranean Sea [298], Equatorial Pacific [299], Mississipi River-influenced continental shelf [300], etc. 

Gathman, S.G. (1982) Applications of pyrotechnically produced chloride aerosol in the marine environment. Proc.8th Inti. Pyrotech. Sem., Colorado, USA, July 12-16,1982, p. 277. 

Sponges are considered as the chemical factory in marine environment because of its immense production of chemically diverse compounds. Other than the chemical diversity, these compounds possess remarkable bioactivities. This great potential has aroused applications of sponge-derived compounds as therapeutics and at present, a number of promising compounds are in clinical and preclinical trials. Recently, nutraceuticals have received considerable interest among the health conscious community because of its multiple therapeutic effects. Natural health-promoting substances... 

One variant of the liquid cathode reserve battery is the lithium-water cell in which water serves as both the liquid cathode and the electrolyte. A certain amount of corrosion occurs, but sufficient lithium is provided to compensate. These cells are mostly used in the marine environment where water is available or compatible with the cell reaction product. Common applications are lor torpedo propulsiuu and to puwer sonobuoys and submersihles. 

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