Manures value

The values quoted above are for FYM from overwintered cattle, but the method of housing influences nutrient loss. With cattle in covered yards sufficient bedding must be used to absorb the liquid manure and there is little or no drainage the dung is kept well compressed by the animals and fermentation is reduced to a minimum. Under such conditions very little loss takes place. 

Some assets are difficult to cost accurately for example, the notional financial value of providing a haven for wildlife, or of keeping your part of the river free from excess nitrates. Another example would be the value of keeping beef cattle indoors and then using the farmyard manure to improve soil structure and maintain wheat yield. 

Schuphan W (1972) Effects of application of inorganic and organic manures on market quality and on biological value of agricultural products . Qualitas Plantarum et Materiae Vegetabiles, 21, 381-398. 

Poultry manure has frequently been found to increase yields of pastures and crops and is a valued organic fertiliser used by horticulturalists and dairy farmers. However, when this has been applied at high rates (more than about 18t/ha), there are reports of damage to crops and pasture. 

Whereas it does not make the slightest difference to the individual capitalist whether he produces machinery, sugar, artificial manure or a progressive newspaper - provided only that he can find a buyer for his commodity so that he can get back his capital plus surplus value - it matters infinitely to the total capitalist that his total product should have a definite use-form. By that we mean that it must provide three essentials the means of production to renew the labour process, simple provisions for the maintenance of the workers, and provisions of higher quality and luxury goods for the preservation of the total capitalist himself. 

In Table 3 the fertilizing value is mentioned of a number of samples of fresh manure, belt-dried manure and belt-dried heated manure. 

With respect to the fertilizing value of the manure it must be remarked that the drier the belt-dried manure, the shorter the heating process and the consequently slighter the loss of organic matter. 

Samples of manure were collected from the farms during both experimental periods. The samples were used for nutrient content determinations and for a pot experiment in which Italian rye grass was cultivated. The nutrient contents obtained were compared with the values for the farm in question during the use of different litters, and with the grouped means for the different litter manures. 

Figure 3. Effect of litter on fertilizer value of manure in pot experiment.

KEMPPAINEN, E. 1984. Kuivikkeen vaikutus lannan arvoon. Effect of litter on value of manure (in Finnish). Kasikir-joitus. Manuscript. 15 p. 

In table 1 some results from this study (2) of odour reduction are presented. The thresholds are mean values expressed as log dilution factors. Standard deviations are calculated on the averages of doubled ED-50 values, each value based on the reports of six observers at a time. As can be seen, incorporation of the manure largely reduced the emission of odour from the field. This mainly concerns the injection techniques, which in some cases reduced the odour to the background level. Conventional tillage implements such as a plow or a disc harrow also reduced the odour emission considerably. 

Table 1. Odour threshold values for untreated swine manure spread and buried in different ways. Odour threshold ED-50 (from Lindvall, T. et al. 1972)...

At present there are local regions where is a surplus of slurry. Due to the low value as a fertilizer transport to other regions is too expensive and in some cases over manuring will exceed. 

Separation of slurry offers the possibility of obtaining solid manure with a high fertilizer value and a liquid with a low value. On this way it becomes more worthwhile to transport the solid manure over longer distances, So it reduces over manuring. However slurry separation with a high efficiency is costly about 4, -/pigplace by adding flocculants and expensive complicated separations (1). 

It is estimated that the dust in animal houses originates mainly from the feed (15), (16), (17), the bedding material (18), (19), the manure (20) and the animals themselves (21), (22). Relevant values are rare. Table I shows that feed and bedding, when used, are the predominant sources of dust in pig and hen houses. 

The release of the dust is caused by the activity of animals or man or the function of technical equipments in the animal house. Feeding, particularly dry feeding (25), as well as bedding and cleaning activities, the use of different systems of feed distribution, manure removal and ventilation (26) can increase the dust level in the air of animal houses considerably (27). Figure 1 gives an example of the relation between the amount of dust in the air and different activities based on values as reported by CERMAK and ROSS (27) for poultry houses. 

Table 3.12 Carbon balances for rice-rice and maize-rice cropping systems over five consecutive crops in 3 years at IRRI, Laguna, Philippines. Except for short stubble all straw was removed from the fields and no organic manures were applied. Values are t C...

Fig. 2.7 The pFl values plotted against time for wheat straw and manure slurries...

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