Manufacturing energy used

Howarth, R. B. Schipper, L. Duerr, P. A. and Strom, S. (1991). Manufacturing Energy Use in Eight OECD Countries, Decomposing the Impacts of Changes in Output, Industry Structure, and Energy Intensity. Energy Economics 13 135-142. 

Boyd, G., Dutrow, E., and Tunnessen, W., 2008. The evolution of the ENERGY STAR energy performance indicator for benchmarking industrial plant manufacturing energy use, Journal of Cleaner Production, 16, 709-715. 

Brueske S, Sabouni R, Zach C, Andres H. U.S. manufacturing energy use and greenhouse gas emissions analysis, report ORNL/TM-2012/504. Prepared by Energetics Inc. for Oak Ridge National Laboratory 2012. 

The use of scrap tires in industrial faciUties is also a potential growth market. Perhaps the best known user in this category is Archer-Daniels-Midland Company (Decatur, Illinois). Another industrial user, Elexsys (Sauget, Illinois), uses energy derived from its use of IDE as a supplemental fuel to manufacture chemicals used in the mbber industry. 

Ereduc tion of a product or service must be evaluated over its entire istoiy or life cycle. This life-cycle analysis or total systems approach (Ref. 3) is crucial to identifying opportunities for improvement. As described earher, this type of evaluation identifies energy use, material inputs, and wastes generated during a products hfe from extraction and processing of raw materials to manufacture and transport of a product to the marketplace and finally to use and dispose of the produc t (Ref. 5). 

For distribution transformers, a voluntary standard assembled by the trade association NEMA (National Electrical Manufacturers Association) achieves substantial savings, particularly in standby energy, with a payback period typically of three years. The loss rate from the transformers is small, but the throughput of electricity accounts for a large fraction of total energy use in buildings, particularly when utility-owned transformers are considered. 

The FTC can assess penalties under the Rule against manufacturers for violations of the above requirements. The Rule also states that energy-use-related representations regarding covered products, including print and broadcast advertisements, must be based on the DOE test procedures. 

Besides all the gaseous and liquid wastes of transportation that result from energy use, and the loss of natural environment to roadv ays, there is also the solid-waste problem of disposal— vehicles and components such as tires and batteries. Responding to the growing disposal problem, many manufacturers are building automobiles that contain far more recyclable parts. 

Sion in energy-intensive industry, such as China and India, show relatively unchanging shares of industrial energy use. In other countries, such as Thailand and Mexico, the share and/or growth of the transportation sector dominate. Many smaller countries have remained primarily agrarian societies with modest manufacturing infrastructure. 

The energy required to produce a tire is only about 10 percent of that consumed while in use on an automobile overcoming rolling resistance during 40,000 miles of seiwice. The majority of the manufacturing energy expended, 60 to 70 percent, is for the mold during the vulcanization process. 

Whilst total elimination of volatile organic solvents from all chemical manufacturing processes is a worthy goal, the pursuit of this goal must be subject to some caution. Alternative organic solvent-free processes may have poor heat and/or mass transfer and/or viscosity limitations, which could result in excessive energy use or the production of less pure... 

Rotz et al. (2010) also calculated the CO2 emissions associated with the initial manufacture of farm machinery and maintenance, with the emissions mainly associated with the energy used to produce and process steel. An emission factor of 3.54 kg of C02e/kg of machinery mass was used. Emissions associated with machines used to produce different types of feed and to handle manure for a small farm and larger farms were also calculated (Rotz et ah, 2009). CO2 emissions due to production of seed and plastics were foimd to be small. 

---