Mammals behavior development

Mercury is a known mutagen, teratogen, and carcinogen. At comparatively low concentrations in birds and mammals, it adversely affects reproduction, growth and development, behavior, blood... 

Since 1995 some new types of pyrethroids with high insecticidal potency have been developed for practical use. For this reason we decided to publish a volume written by experts in various fields to review the development of new pyrethroids and offer future perspectives. This volume includes chapters on the progress and the future of pyrethroids, the biosynthesis of natural pyrethrins, newly developed polyfluorobenzyl-type pyrethroids with potent insecticidal activity, the mode of action, mammal toxicology, biotransformation and enzymatic reactions, environmental behavior, and ecotoxicology of pyrethroids. We hope that this book will contribute greatly to the further development of pyrethroids. 

The vomeronasal system, also known as the accessory olfactory system, consists of chemoreceptors, organized into the VNO, the vomeronasal nerve, its terminal, the accessory olfactory bulb, and more central pathways. First described by Jacobson in 1811, the VNO has been studied intensely. We now know how stimuli reach it and what behaviors it mediates. The VNO occurs in amphibians, reptiles, and mammals. Among mammals, it is best developed in marsupials and monotremes. In birds it only appears during embryogenesis. The VNO and its function are best known for squamate reptiles, particularly snakes, and rodents and ungulates among the mammals. 

Hudson, R. and Altbacker, V. (1994). Development of feeding and food preference in the European rabbit environmental and maturational determinants. In Behavioral Aspects of Feeding Basic and Applied Research in Mammals, ed. B. G. Galef, M. Mainardi, and P. Valsecchi, pp. 125-145. Chur Harwood Academic. 

The majority of individuals exposed to trauma are resilient and do not develop PTSD. As in humans, lower mammals also have individual differences and heterogeneity of stress responses. Recent animal models of PTSD attempt to take into account this heterogeneity. Cohen et al., 2006 review two measures—performance on the elevated plus maze and acoustic startle response, used to mimic symptoms of PTSD. In their model, they differentiate animals that display stress-induced extreme behavioral responses (EBR) on both of these tests from those that display minimal behavioral responses (MBR). Different types of stress paradigms caused different proportions of EBR and MBR, similar to the suggestion in clinical literature that more severe stress increases incidence of PTSD. In Cohen s study, although stress led to an EBR immediately after the stressor in 100% of the animals, only 25% of the animals continued to show EBR 30 days following stress. 

A variety of adverse sublethal effects of mirex to aquatic organisms, birds, and mammals are documented, including effects on growth, reproduction, embryonic development, behavior, and metabolism. 

---