Malonic acid Derivatives

It is now applied more widely to include malonic acid derivatives, such as diethyl monoethyl-malonate, ethyl cyanacetate, etc. Various amines may be used as catalysts, and usually the most effective is piperidine (hexahydro-pyridine) a mixture of piperidine and pyridine, or pyridine alone, is also often used. 

A classical way to achieve regioselectivity in an (a -i- d -reaction is to start with a-carbanions of carboxylic acid derivatives and electrophilic ketones. Most successful are condensations with 1,3-dicarbonyl carbanions, e.g. with malonic acid derivatives, since they can be produced at low pH, where ketones do not enolize. Succinic acid derivatives can also be de-protonated and added to ketones (Stobbe condensation). In the first example given below a Dieckmann condensation on a nitrile follows a Stobbe condensation, and selectivity is dictated by the tricyclic educt neither the nitrile group nor the ketone is enolizable (W.S. Johnson, 1945, 1947). 

The thermal decarboxylation of malonic acid derivatives is the last step m a multistep synthesis of carboxylic acids known as the malonic ester synthesis This synthetic method will be described m Section 21 7... 

The physical properties of cyanoacetic acid [372-09-8] and two of its ester derivatives are Hsted ia Table 11 (82). The parent acid is a strong organic acid with a dissociation constant at 25°C of 3.36 x 10. It is prepared by the reaction of chloroacetic acid with sodium cyanide. It is hygroscopic and highly soluble ia alcohols and diethyl ether but iasoluble ia both aromatic and aUphatic hydrocarbons. It undergoes typical nitrile and acid reactions but the presence of the nitrile and the carboxyUc acid on the same carbon cause the hydrogens on C-2 to be readily replaced. The resulting malonic acid derivative decarboxylates to a substituted acrylonitrile ... 

C2S2, is a red Hquid (mp —0.5° C, bp 60—70°C at 1.6 kPa (12 mm Hg)) produced by the action of an electric arc on carbon disulfide (1 4). The stmcture has been shown to be S=C=C=C=S on the basis of its reactions to form malonic acid derivatives and on the basis of physical measurements. It is unstable and decomposes ia a few weeks at room temperature it decomposes explosively when heated rapidly at 100—120°C with formation of a black polymeric substance (C2S2) (5,6). Dilute solutions ia CS2 are fairly stable, but photochemical polymerisation to (C2S2) occurs. 

Converting the C-2 alkylated derivative to the conesponding malonic acid derivative by ester hydrolysis gives a compound susceptible to thermal decarboxylation. Temperatures of approximately 180°C are normally required. 

The substituted methylene derivative, prepared from a 2-formylpyrrole and a malonic acid derivative, was used in a synthesis of chlorophyll. It is cleaved under drastic conditions (coned, alkali). ... 

A related reaction has been described for the synthesis of 2-quinolones, reacting substituted secondary anilines with malonic acid derivatives. The reaction was carried out neat under microwave irradiation at 290 °C for 15 min. These harsh conditions were reqiured for the elimination of two... 

Compounds containing geminal carboxyl groups (disubstituted malonic acid derivatives) can also be bisdecarboxylated with lead tetraacetate, gcm-diacetates (acylals) being produced, which are easily hydrolyzable to ketones ... 

The monocyclic 1,4-diazepine, l,4-diaza-S,7-cycloheptanedione, has in the past been reported to have been formed by the reaction of 1,2-diaminoethane with various malonic acid derivatives. It is now claimed that this derivative has never been formed, and may never be formed <96JPR121>. Oligomers and polymers are the sole products. However, reaction of... 

In this chapter, decarboxylation of disubstituted malonic acid derivatives and application of the transketolases in organic syntheses are summarized. Although decarboxylation may be seen as a simple C-C bond breaking reaction, it can be regarded as a carbaniongenerating reaction. As the future directions of this field, expansion of some unique decarboxylation reactions is proposed. In relation of carbanion chemistry, promiscuity of enolase superfamily is discussed. 

Michael addition has been shown to lead to useful building blocks. According to a publication by Johnson and coworkers, highly functionalized unsymmetrical malonic acid derivatives are accessible in this way [268]. Moreover, as described by Takeda and coworkers, substituted four- to six-membered carbocycles 2-507 can be prepared starting from 2-504 by reaction with PhLi via the intermediates 2-505 and 2-506 (Scheme 2.115) [269]. 

Ferrocenyl-substituted pyrazoles 222 and 224 react with reactive malonic acid derivatives, for example, dichlorides in the presence of triethylamine, yielding zwitterionic pyrazolo[l,2-tf]pyrazol-4-ium-3-olates 223 and 225, respectively (Equations 32 and 33) <1994JOM(481)109>. 

I. Lamparth and A. Hirsch, Water-soluble malonic acid derivatives of C60 with a defined three-dimensional structure, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. (1994) 1727-1728. 

Chloro-l,2,3-thiadiazole-4-carboxamides 38 react with the sodium salt of diethyl malonate to give the corresponding malonic acid derivatives 39. The yield in these reactions falls as the electron-releasing properties of the 4-substituents in the aromatic ring increase (Equation 8) <1997JCM396>. 

The synthesis of ethyl ester derivatives of imidazo[5,l-4][l,2,4]triazole-3-carboxylic acid 64 has been reported (Scheme 25) <1999CHE1349>. Starting from the known substituted 5-diazoimidazoles 276, their coupling with malonic acid derivatives afforded the azo compounds 277, which on treatment with triethylamine in DMF, upon prolonged heating time, gave products 64 in moderate yield. 

Table 20 Ring closures to [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines by reaction of 3-amino[1,2,4]triazoles with /3-oxo ketones, esters, nitriles, or malonic acid derivatives...

Quinolylaminomethylenemalonates (267) were prepared in the reactions of 2-aminoquinoline, ethyl orthoformate, and malonic acid derivatives (266) in the presence of A1C13 at 135-140°C for 30 min (74MIP1). 

Dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal was reacted with malonic acid derivatives at room temperature for 6 hr (84TL3743) or at 110°C for 1-2 hr (780PP67) to afford /V.N-dimethylaminomethylene derivatives (331) in 75-96% yields. 

The malonic acid derivative (1573) was prepared from diethyl 1-piperi-dinylmethylenemalonate with propen-1-yl magnesium bromide at 0°C (61BSF2423). 

RhClCO(dppp) 2] for the sequential construction of an enyne precursor, starting from a malonic acid derivative and allylic acetate, which was converted in situ to the cycloaddition product with excellent yields. Obviously, the Pd complex catalyzes the allylic substitution reaction, while the rhodium catalyst is responsible for the PKR (Eq. 6). 

Yang X, Chen L, Qiao X, Fan C (2007c) Photo-induced damages of cytoplasmic and mitochondrial membranes by a [CJfullerene malonic acid derivative. Int. J. Toxicol. 26 197-201. 

Bis-acceptor-substituted diazomethanes are most conveniently prepared by diazo group transfer to CH acidic compounds either with sulfonyl azides under basic conditions [949,950] or with l-alkyl-2-azidopyridinium salts [951] under neutral or acidic conditions [952-954]. Diazo group transfer with both types of reagents usually proceeds in high yield with malonic acid derivatives, 3-keto esters and amides, 1,3-diketones, or p, y-unsaturated carbonyl compounds [955,956]. Cyano-, sulfonyl, or nitrodiazomethanes, which can be unstable or sensitive to bases, can often only be prepared with 2-azidopyridinium salts, which accomplish diazo group transfer under neutral or slightly acidic reaction conditions. Other problematic substrates include amides of the type Z-CHj-CONHR and P-imino esters or the tautomeric 3-amino-2-propenoic esters, which upon diazo group transfer cyclize to 1,2,3-triazoles [957-959]. 

Both CO2 activation and enolate formation are combined in the preparation of malonic acid derivatives. The reaction of CO2 with methacrylic esters or methacry-lonitrile and under visible light irradiation produced the corresponding aluminum porphyrin malonate complex. When diethylzinc was added to this system, Al(TPP)Et could be regenerated by axial ligand exchange reactions, and the malonic acid derivatives were formed catalytically with respect to the aluminum porphyrins in a one-pot photosynthetic route (Scheme 1). The first step in this... 

Barbiturates are derivatives of barbituric acid and are synthesized by condensation of malonic acid derivatives with urea derivatives. 

Cyclopropanation of Cjq with diethyl bromomalonate in toluene with NaH as auxiliary base proceeds smoothly at room temperature (Scheme 3.5). By-products are unreacted Cjq and higher adducts. The formahon of higher adducts is discussed in detail in Chapter 10. The monoadduct can be isolated easily from the reach on mixture by column chromatography. Saponificahon of such di(efhoxycarbonyl)-methylene adducts of Cgg is achieved by treatment with NaH in toluene at elevated temperatures and subsequent quenching with methanol (Scheme 3.6) [32], This method provides easy access to defined water-soluble fullerenes and can also be applied to higher adducts. These malonic acid derivatives of are very soluble in polar solvents, for example acetone, THF or basic water, but insoluble in aqueous acids. 

After treatment of (130a) with sulfuric acid in ethanol, bis(4-amino-5-cyanopyridine-2-yl)-disulfide (131) was isolated as the only product in 69% yield. However, if (130b,c) are treated with sulfuric acid in ethanol under otherwise identical conditions the corresponding tetrazolyl-methylene malonic acid derivatives (132) could be isolated in 45% and 48% yields respectively. 

Microwave-assisted procedures have also been developed for the condensation of substituted amidines and ureas with malonic acid derivatives <2005TL5727, 2007AJC120>. For example, reaction of substituted ureas 668 with malonic acid 667 in the presence of acetic anhydride gave 1,3-disubstituted barbituric acids 669, while similar condensation with cyanoacetic acid 670 gave 6-aminouracil derivatives 671 <2005TL5727>. 

Just as /3 keto-acids or malonic acid derivatives, the /S-acid XLIII is easily decarboxylated 49). 

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