Malonate compounds nucleophilic substitution

The 5-position in 1,2,4-thiadiazoles is most reactive in nucleophilic substitution reactions. Chlorine, for example, may be displaced by nucleophiles (Nu) such as fluoride, hydroxide, thiol, amino, hydrazino, sulfite and azido groups (Scheme 11). Active methylene compounds such as malonic, acetoacetic and cyanoactic esters as their sodio derivatives also displace the 5-halo substituent (65AHC(5)ll9). The reaction follows second-order kinetics, the rate determining step being addition of the nucleophile at C-5 followed by rapid elimination of X. 

Another important example leads to the preparation of diethyl phenylmalonate. This compound cannot be made by alkylation of diethyl malonate as aryl halides do not undergo nucleophilic substitution (Chapter 23). 

Among common carbon-carbon bond formation reactions involving carbanionic species, the nucleophilic substitution of alkyl halides with active methylene compounds in the presence of a base, e. g., malonic and acetoacetic ester syntheses, is one of the most well documented important methods in organic synthesis. Ketone enolates and protected ones such as vinyl silyl ethers are also versatile nucleophiles for the reaction with various electrophiles including alkyl halides. On the other hand, for the reaction of aryl halides with such nucleophiles to proceed, photostimulation or addition of transition metal catalysts or promoters is usually required, unless the halides are activated by strong electron-withdrawing substituents [7]. Of the metal species, palladium has proved to be especially useful, while copper may also be used in some reactions [81. Thus, aryl halides can react with a variety of substrates having acidic C-H bonds under palladium catalysis. 

Some nucleophilic substitution reactions occur with nucleophiles, if a halogen is present at the 4-position of the quinolizinium ion for instance, the thione 7 is obtained with sodium sulfide and the methylene compound 8 with sodium malonic ester ... 

Several compounds have been prepared by nucleophilic substitution of chlorine in 2-chloro-l,3-dithian with Grignard reagent (RMgBr), malonic esters, and phenols.A mechanism for the de-ethoxycarbonylation of the 2-(l,3-dithianyl)malonates by sodium chloride or sodium ethoxide has been studied. 2-Chlorotetrahydrofuran reacts with nucleophiles such as 2-lithio-2-phenyl-l,3-dithian (326) by three simultaneous mechanisms i.e. substitution, proton abstraction, and electron transfer) to give the products (327)—(330) (Scheme 12)/° When a dithian (331 R = H or COiMe) was treated with a sulphonyl chloride in pyridine, ring-expansion to the 5//-l,4-dithiepin (332) occurred instead of the expected formation of a sulphonate. ... 

Among common carbon-carbon bond formation reactions involving carbanionic species, the nucleophilic substitution of alkyl halides with active methylene compounds in the presence of a base, e.g., malonic and acetoacetic ester... 

We have already met this reaction in its simplest form at the end of Chapter 9 when we studied the nucleophilic substitution of alkyl halides by the anions of dicarbonyl compounds (Figure 17.37). Ethoxide is used as the base in the reaction of diethyl malonate, to avoid any problems with ester interchange. Dialkylation requires a stronger base for the second step—the alkyl group already introduced is electron-donating and destabilizes the carbanion. 

Like butadiene, allene undergoes dimerization and addition of nucleophiles to give 1-substituted 3-methyl-2-methylene-3-butenyl compounds. Dimerization-hydration of allene is catalyzed by Pd(0) in the presence of CO2 to give 3-methyl-2-methylene-3-buten-l-ol (1). An addition reaction with. MleOH proceeds without CO2 to give 2-methyl-4-methoxy-3-inethylene-1-butene (2)[1]. Similarly, piperidine reacts with allene to give the dimeric amine 3, and the reaction of malonate affords 4 in good yields. Pd(0) coordinated by maleic anhydride (MA) IS used as a catalyst[2]. 

Campaigne et al. have used 3-thenyl bromide obtained by benzoyl peroxide-catalyzed, side-chain bromination of 3-methylthiophene with A -bromosuccinimide, as a starting material for 3-substituted thiophenes. - 22 3-Methylthiophene is now prepared commercially from itaconic acid. The reactive halogen in 3-thenyl bromide could be directly reacted with a variety of nucleophiles, such as cyanide, or malonate, to give more complex 3-substituted compounds. 3-Thenyl bromide was converted by the Sommelet reaction to 3-thio-phenealdehyde which, with silver oxide, was oxidized to 3-thio-... 

In its original form, the Michael addition consisted on the addition of diethyl malonate across the double bond of ethyl cinnamate in the presence of sodium ethoxide to afford a substituted pentanedioic acid ester. Currently, all reactions that involve a 1,4-addition of stabilized carbon nucleophiles to activated 7i-systems are known as Michael additions. Among the various reactants, enolates derived from p-dicarbonyl compounds are substrates of choice due to their easy deprotonation under mild conditions. Recently, Michael addition-based MCRs emerged as highly potential methodologies for the synthesis of polysubstituted heterocycles in the five- to seven-membered series. 

The cation radical intermediates formed from the enamines may be trapped by nucleophiles other than the solvent when these nucleophiles are electrochemically less oxidizable than the enamines. Indeed, the cation radical intermediates formed from morpholino-, piperidino-and pyrrolidinoenamines are trapped by carbanions derived from active methylene compounds such as methyl acetoacetate, acetylacetone and dimethyl malonate with moderate yields (equation 2)3. The products are easily transformed to the corresponding a-substituted ketones by hydrolysis with dilute hydrochloric acid. 

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