Males hormonal dysfunction

Steroid hormonal dysfunctions, including male pseudobermaphru ditism and testicular feminization. 

Evaporative dysfunction is caused by a reduction in the lipid layer of the tear film. Most often, this condition is caused by MGD or blepharitis. MGD is traditionally conceptualized as a triad of meibomianitis (stagnated secretions within the meibomian glands), meibomian seborrhea (overabundance of meibomian secretions into the tear film), and seborrheic blepharitis (oily debris visible on the eyelashes and ocular adnexal surfeces). Additionally, we have become increasingly aware of the influence of male hormones, or androgens, on the health of the meibomian glands. Clinically significant androgen deficiency, which naturally occurs in women of menopausal age and men in... 

In the female, endocrine abnormalities are found in one third of patients. Hormone dysfunction is a very rare cause of male subfertility. In some couples no cause can be identified. 

Gauthaman, K., and A.R Ganesan. 2008. The hormonal effects of Tribulus terrestris and its role in the management of male erectile dysfunction—An evaluation using primates, rabbit and rat. Phytomedicine 15(l-2) 44-54. 

Xenobiotic induced disruption of female fertility follows essentially the same pattern as that of the male and can be caused by changes in pituitary-hypothalamic function, primary disruption of ovarian structure or hormone secretion, or changes in the rate of hormone deactivation. In addition, there may be changes in the synthesis of estrogen induced production of the yolk protein by the liver (vitellogenesis), which in turn can lead to failure to lay down sufficient yolk in the developing oocytes. Vitellogenesis provides a valuable biomarker for endocrine dysfunction in both sexes,but is more properly considered as part of the liver function. 

The study of hormones is known as endocrinology, and it arose from both clinical and experimental observations. The physical and emotional effects of castration in the male had long been recognised and in the nineteenth century the signs and symptoms of a number of diseases, which are now known to be caused by endocrine dysfunction, were described. In 1871, Charles Fagge attributed... 

The male and female gonads, as well as the placenta of pregnant females and, to a lesser extent, the adrenal cortex, produce a range of steroid hormones which regulate the development and maintenance of reproductive and related functions. As such, these steroid sex hormones have found medical application in the treatment of various reproductive dysfunctions. 

By comparison, erectile dsyfunction (ED) is an example of how social dissatisfaction can be transformed into medical dysfunction and then remedied by a pill. On the one hand, it is certainly true that, in some cases, ED is the consequence of organic causes, including peripheral vascular diseases, hypertension, drug-side effects, hormonal imbalance, and diabetes. The MMAS suggests, for example, that 10 per cent of American males have complete inability to achieve erection of the penis (Feldman et al. 1994). But ED is primarily a socially constructed condition based on a socially constructed male "problem." As one commentator has explained, " [T]he more anxiety a corporation can produce, the larger its market. In other words, worrying about ED may in fact cause ED" (Loe 2004). 

Melanotan II or PT-141 (Palatin Technologies) is a synthetic analog of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (161). The peptide is currently under development as an intranasal formulation for both male and female sexual dysfunction. It is a non-selective melanocortin receptor agonist, which in animals regulates sexual behavior including penile erection, sexual motivation, and in female rats, the secre-... 

Ethisterone (Fig. 46.14), a 17a-ethynyl derivative of testosterone, is one of the first synthetic progestins to be used therapeutically. In 1937, this agent was synthesized from male sex hormones (androstanes) in an attempt to find an orally active androgen (53). Ethisterone later proved to be an effective oral progestin and became useful in the treatment of menstrual dysfunctions (49). Several molecular modifications... 

Some chemicals in the environment act as estrogen mimics they have effects similar to the female hormone estrogen when animals at many different levels are exposed to them. These effects include the promotion of certain types of cancers, sexual dysfunctions, genital defects, obesity, attention-deficit disorders, and the reduction of male secondary sexual characteristics (Hinterthuer, 2008). 

The second type of dysfunction is when maturation is arrested in late stages of gametogenesis, late vitellogenesis in females and reduced sperm production in males. This indicates that the captive environment was optimal for all stages until the spawning period. When welfare cannot be improved or the correct cues cannot be provided, hormone therapies can be used to produce the quality and quantity of gametes required for commercial production. Zohar et al (1995) described the second type of dysfunction in... 

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