Makrides

Fig. 19.9 Methods of mounting specimens, (a) Wire soldered to metal specimen, wire being enclosed in glass tube (b) specimen completely encapsulated in cold-setting resin and resin ground down to expose one face (c) specimen clipped into machined p.t.f.e. holder (d) Stern-Makrides pressure gasket for cylindrical specimen (e) pressure gasket for sheet or foil ...

The controversy that arises owing to the uncertainty of the exact values of and b and their variation with environmental conditions, partial control of the anodic reaction by transport, etc. may be avoided by substituting an empirical constant for (b + b /b b ) in equation 19.1, which is evaluated by the conventional mass-loss method. This approach has been used by Makrides who monitors the polarisation resistance continuously, and then uses a single mass-loss determination at the end of the test to obtain the constant. Once the constant has been determined it can be used throughout the tests, providing that there is no significant change in the nature of the solution that would lead to markedly different values of the Tafel constants. 

Figure 19.21 shows the types of crevices used by Wilde " for studying crevice corrosion and pitting of Cr-Ni-Fe alloys in the laboratory and in the field. Types 1 and 5 were used for anodic polarisation studies in nitrogen-saturated 1 mol dm NaCl and in aerated 3-5 mass% NaCl, respectively, and it can be seen that attachment to the conducting lead is by means of a Stern-Makrides pressure gasket Types 3 and 4 were used for field tests... 

Hawkes, J. S., Bryan, D. L., Neumann, M. A., Makrides, M., and Gibson, R. A. (2001). Transforming growth factor beta in human milk does not change in response to modest intakes of docosahexaenoic acid. Lipids 36,1179-1181. 

Hawkes, J. S., Gibson, R. A., Roberton, D., and Makrides, M. (2006). Effect of dietary nucleotide supplementation on growth and immune function in term infants A randomized controlled trial. Eur.. Clin. Nutr. 60, 254-264. 

Hannig, G., Makrides, S. C. Strategies for optimizing heterologous protein expression in Eschericia coli. TIBTECH 16 54-60 (1998). 

GST, calmodulin-binding peptide, His-, FLAG-tag, protein A, glycoprotein D of HSV), or to enable its detection and/or selection, i.e. tags based on protein-reporters (/1-galactosidase, GFP, CAT, hGH) (Makrides, 1999). Tags can be fused to N- or C-terminal ends of the protein and a site for proteolytic cleavage is commonly included to eliminate the tag upon exploitation of its functionality. The proteases most commonly used are thrombin, enterokinase, factor Xa, and TEV (catalytic domain of Nia, the nuclear inclusion protein from tobacco etch virus). 

Although numerous cell lines have been screened for their efficiency as a host system for recombinant protein production, only a few have shown favorable properties for the expression of biopharmaceuticals (Hauser, 1997). Regulatory and economic issues for large-scale production and the intended application of the recombinant protein (diagnosis, therapy, etc.) have to be carefully considered (Makrides and Prentice, 2003). Three mammalian cell lines are now commonly used by the pharmaceutical industry Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, the murine myeloma SP2/0 and the NS0 cell line (see Table 3.1). These cell lines have been used to produce 11 of 21 therapeutic products approved from 1996 to 2000 (Chu and Robinson, 2001). 

Alam J, Cook JL (2003), Reporter genes for monitoring gene expression in mammalian cells, In Makrides SC (Ed.), Gene Transfer and Expression in Mammalian Cells, Elsevier Science BV, Amsterdam, pp. 291-308. 

Makrides SC (1999), Components of vectors for gene transfer and expression in mammalian cells, Protein Expr. Purif. 17 183-202. 

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